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7 <title>Unhappy Birthday</title>
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14 <p>A birthday that involves copyright infringement is an...</p>
16 <img src="icon.png" alt="logo" align="center"/> <span
17 class="titletext">Unhappy Birthday</span> <img src="icon.png"
18 alt="logo" align="center"/>
25 <p>Did you know <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> is copyrighted and the copyright is
26 currently owned and actively enforced by Time Warner?</p>
28 <p>Did you know that if you sing any copyrighted song:<br />
29 ...at a place open to the public<br />
30 ...or among a substantial number of people who are not family or friends<br />
31 You are involved in a public performance of that work?</p>
33 <p>Did you know an unauthorized public performance is a form of
34 <em>copyright infringement</em>?</p>
38 <h2>Is <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> Really Copyrighted?</h2>
42 <p>The melody for <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> was first penned by two
43 sisters from Kentucky, Mildred J. Hill and Patty Smith Hill. The song
44 was called <cite>Good Morning to All</cite>, but bore the recognizable
45 melody. The tune was first published in 1893 in the book <cite>Song
46 Stories for the Kindergarten</cite>. The melody has since passed into the
47 public domain, and is safe to hum in public without permission.</p>
49 <p>While it is not entirely clear who first wrote down the words for
50 <cite>Happy Birthday</cite>, it showed up in a few places before Jessica
51 Hill (another Hill sister) was able to demonstrate undeniable
52 similarities between <cite>Good Morning to All</cite> and <cite>Happy
53 Birthday</cite> and to secure the copyright to the song.</p>
55 <p>Working with the Clayton F. Summy Publishing Company, Jessica Hill
56 published and copyrighted <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> in 1935. While the
57 copyright should have expired in 1991, copyright has been extended
58 repeatedly over the last quarter of the twentieth century and the
59 copyright for <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> is now not due to expire until
62 <p>The Clayton F. Summy Company is no longer independent, but, through
63 a chain of purchases, the copyright for <cite>Happy Birthday To You</cite>
64 lies securely in the hands of the Time Warner company. <cite>Happy
65 Birthday's</cite> copyright is licensed and enforced by <a
66 href="http://www.ascap.com/">ASCAP</a>, and the simple little ditty
67 brings in more than USD $2 million in annual royalties.</p>
69 <p>For more information on the history of the tune, lyrics, and
70 copyright status, check out these resources:</p>
74 <li><a href="http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/birthday.htm">Snopes'
75 article on the legal status of <cite>Happy Birthday</cite></a></li>
77 <li><a href="http://www.boycott-riaa.com/article/15999">Great
78 article on <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> and copyright by Kembrew McLeod</a></li>
81 href="http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2003/7/5/112441/6280">Kuro5hin's
82 article on parts of the history of <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> that you might not
87 <h2>Is Singing <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> in Public Really Copyright
92 <p>According to United States copyright law in United States Code, <a
93 href="http://assembler.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000106----000-.html">Title
94 17 §106</a>, authors of works such as musical compositions have the
95 <em>exclusive</em> right "to perform the copyrighted work publicly." In
96 United States Code, <a
97 href="http://assembler.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000101----000-.html">Title
98 17 §101</a>, the law defines publicly performing a work as "to perform
99 or display it at a place open to the public or at any place where a
100 substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family
101 and its social acquaintances is gathered."</p>
103 <p>This means that if you sing <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> to your family at
104 home, you're probably not committing copyright infringment. However, if you
105 do it in an restaurant — and if the restaurant hasn't already worked
106 out a deal with ASCAP — you may be engaging in <em>copyright
107 infringement</em>.</p>
109 <h2>How Can I Help Stop Infringement?</h2>
111 <p>The best way to stop infringement is to tell the authorities and
112 the owners so that they can follow up and arrange for a license and
113 for royalties to be paid. Licenses for <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> are
114 controlled by ASCAP. While monetary royalties will be negligible for a
115 single restaurant performance, it is the principle that is at
118 <p>If you have seen someone singing <cite>Happy Birthday</cite> in a restaurant,
119 a park, or at a school, you should tell ASCAP so that they can arrange
120 for a license. If you are an offender, you should apologize and offer
121 to pay whatever is due — a nickel, a quarter, a dollar —
122 whatever ASCAP demands.</p>
124 <p>There is an overwhelming amount of copyright infringement of <cite>Happy
125 Birthday</cite>. Let's right the balance and tell ASCAP about
126 every one of these violations!</p>
128 <p>There are many ways to get in contact with ASCAP:</p>
131 <p><strong>Email</strong><br />
132 <a href="mailto:licensing@ascap.com">licensing@ascap.com</a></p>
135 <p><strong>Mailing Address</strong><br />
136 ASCAP - New York<br />
137 One Lincoln Plaza<br />
138 New York, NY 10023</p>
140 <p><strong>Phone</strong><br/>
144 <p>It would also be a good idea to keep the song's owner —
145 Time Warner — in the loop. Here is their contact
150 <p><strong>Mailing Address</strong><br/>
151 Time Warner Inc.<br/>
152 One Time Warner Center<br/>
153 New York, NY 10019-8016<br/></p>
155 <p><strong>Phone</strong><br/>
160 <p>If you're going to send a message, here's a sample letter. (Before
161 sending such a letter, you should know that some restaurants,
162 nightclubs, etc., pay for blanket ASCAP catalogue licenses that might
163 exempt patrons from copyright liability for singing during dinner.)
164 You'll want to modify yours to include correct details on the
170 The copyright status of "Happy Birthday To You" and the law
171 related to public performances of copyrighted works have recently been
172 brought to my attention. I am very concerned by the public's apparent
173 disregard for copyright law demonstrated by rampant infringement of
174 "Happy Birthday To You."
176 It is with this in mind that I wish to bring to your attention a
177 recent unauthorized public performance:
179 -->> WHEN (e.g., December 10, 2004)
180 -->> WHERE (e.g., at the Vol De Nuit at 148 West 4th Street in New York)
181 -->> WHO (e.g., a group of patrons and the barstaff)
183 I hope that you are able to quickly follow up on this and to enforce
184 your copyright and extract the necessary royalties or licenses from
187 It is, in part, because of your lax and selective enforcement of your
188 copyright that most people do not realize that "Happy Birthday To You"
189 is even copyrighted at all.
191 In the event that you choose to continue selectively enforcing the
192 copyright in "Happy Birthday To You," for whatever reason, please
193 consider asking Congress to change copyright law to reflect the way that
194 most people view and interact with copyrighted works such as "Happy
199 -->> YOUR ADDRESS
206 <p><strong>Unhappy Birthday</strong> is a grassroots project run by
207 citizens who are outraged by rampant copyright infringement in today's
208 society — particularly in relation to the song <cite>Happy
211 <p>You can support us by buying overpriced items in the <a
212 href="http://www.cafepress.com/unhappybirthday">official Unhappy
213 Birthday store</a>.</p>
215 <p>Our president is Raymond Ty. You can get in contact with our
216 leadership by emailing our copyrighteous spokesman — Benjamin Mako
217 Hill — at <a href="mailto:mako@atdot.cc">mako@atdot.cc</a> </p>
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