4 Copyright (c) 2007 Leah Culver
6 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
19 AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
34 VERSION = '1.0' # Hi Blaine!
36 SIGNATURE_METHOD = 'PLAINTEXT'
39 class OAuthError(RuntimeError):
40 """Generic exception class."""
41 def __init__(self, message='OAuth error occured.'):
42 self.message = message
44 def build_authenticate_header(realm=''):
45 """Optional WWW-Authenticate header (401 error)"""
46 return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
49 """Escape a URL including any /."""
50 return urllib.quote(s, safe='~')
53 """Convert unicode to utf-8."""
54 if isinstance(s, unicode):
55 return s.encode("utf-8")
59 def generate_timestamp():
60 """Get seconds since epoch (UTC)."""
61 return int(time.time())
63 def generate_nonce(length=8):
64 """Generate pseudorandom number."""
65 return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
67 def generate_verifier(length=8):
68 """Generate pseudorandom number."""
69 return ''.join([str(random.randint(0, 9)) for i in range(length)])
72 class OAuthConsumer(object):
73 """Consumer of OAuth authentication.
75 OAuthConsumer is a data type that represents the identity of the Consumer
76 via its shared secret with the Service Provider.
82 def __init__(self, key, secret):
87 class OAuthToken(object):
88 """OAuthToken is a data type that represents an End User via either an access
92 secret -- the token secret
98 callback_confirmed = None
101 def __init__(self, key, secret):
105 def set_callback(self, callback):
106 self.callback = callback
107 self.callback_confirmed = 'true'
109 def set_verifier(self, verifier=None):
110 if verifier is not None:
111 self.verifier = verifier
113 self.verifier = generate_verifier()
115 def get_callback_url(self):
116 if self.callback and self.verifier:
117 # Append the oauth_verifier.
118 parts = urlparse.urlparse(self.callback)
119 scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = parts[:6]
121 query = '%s&oauth_verifier=%s' % (query, self.verifier)
123 query = 'oauth_verifier=%s' % self.verifier
124 return urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params,
130 'oauth_token': self.key,
131 'oauth_token_secret': self.secret,
133 if self.callback_confirmed is not None:
134 data['oauth_callback_confirmed'] = self.callback_confirmed
135 return urllib.urlencode(data)
138 """ Returns a token from something like:
139 oauth_token_secret=xxx&oauth_token=xxx
141 params = cgi.parse_qs(s, keep_blank_values=False)
142 key = params['oauth_token'][0]
143 secret = params['oauth_token_secret'][0]
144 token = OAuthToken(key, secret)
146 token.callback_confirmed = params['oauth_callback_confirmed'][0]
148 pass # 1.0, no callback confirmed.
150 from_string = staticmethod(from_string)
153 return self.to_string()
156 class OAuthRequest(object):
157 """OAuthRequest represents the request and can be serialized.
162 - oauth_signature_method
168 ... any additional parameters, as defined by the Service Provider.
170 parameters = None # OAuth parameters.
171 http_method = HTTP_METHOD
175 def __init__(self, http_method=HTTP_METHOD, http_url=None, parameters=None):
176 self.http_method = http_method
177 self.http_url = http_url
178 self.parameters = parameters or {}
180 def set_parameter(self, parameter, value):
181 self.parameters[parameter] = value
183 def get_parameter(self, parameter):
185 return self.parameters[parameter]
187 raise OAuthError('Parameter not found: %s' % parameter)
189 def _get_timestamp_nonce(self):
190 return self.get_parameter('oauth_timestamp'), self.get_parameter(
193 def get_nonoauth_parameters(self):
194 """Get any non-OAuth parameters."""
196 for k, v in self.parameters.iteritems():
197 # Ignore oauth parameters.
198 if k.find('oauth_') < 0:
202 def to_header(self, realm=''):
203 """Serialize as a header for an HTTPAuth request."""
204 auth_header = 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm
205 # Add the oauth parameters.
207 for k, v in self.parameters.iteritems():
208 if k[:6] == 'oauth_':
209 auth_header += ', %s="%s"' % (k, escape(str(v)))
210 return {'Authorization': auth_header}
212 def to_postdata(self):
213 """Serialize as post data for a POST request."""
214 return '&'.join(['%s=%s' % (escape(str(k)), escape(str(v))) \
215 for k, v in self.parameters.iteritems()])
218 """Serialize as a URL for a GET request."""
219 return '%s?%s' % (self.get_normalized_http_url(), self.to_postdata())
221 def get_normalized_parameters(self):
222 """Return a string that contains the parameters that must be signed."""
223 params = self.parameters
225 # Exclude the signature if it exists.
226 del params['oauth_signature']
229 # Escape key values before sorting.
230 key_values = [(escape(_utf8_str(k)), escape(_utf8_str(v))) \
231 for k,v in params.items()]
232 # Sort lexicographically, first after key, then after value.
234 # Combine key value pairs into a string.
235 return '&'.join(['%s=%s' % (k, v) for k, v in key_values])
237 def get_normalized_http_method(self):
238 """Uppercases the http method."""
239 return self.http_method.upper()
241 def get_normalized_http_url(self):
242 """Parses the URL and rebuilds it to be scheme://host/path."""
243 parts = urlparse.urlparse(self.http_url)
244 scheme, netloc, path = parts[:3]
245 # Exclude default port numbers.
246 if scheme == 'http' and netloc[-3:] == ':80':
248 elif scheme == 'https' and netloc[-4:] == ':443':
250 return '%s://%s%s' % (scheme, netloc, path)
252 def sign_request(self, signature_method, consumer, token):
253 """Set the signature parameter to the result of build_signature."""
254 # Set the signature method.
255 self.set_parameter('oauth_signature_method',
256 signature_method.get_name())
258 self.set_parameter('oauth_signature',
259 self.build_signature(signature_method, consumer, token))
261 def build_signature(self, signature_method, consumer, token):
262 """Calls the build signature method within the signature method."""
263 return signature_method.build_signature(self, consumer, token)
265 def from_request(http_method, http_url, headers=None, parameters=None,
267 """Combines multiple parameter sources."""
268 if parameters is None:
272 if headers and 'Authorization' in headers:
273 auth_header = headers['Authorization']
274 # Check that the authorization header is OAuth.
275 if auth_header[:6] == 'OAuth ':
276 auth_header = auth_header[6:]
278 # Get the parameters from the header.
279 header_params = OAuthRequest._split_header(auth_header)
280 parameters.update(header_params)
282 raise OAuthError('Unable to parse OAuth parameters from '
283 'Authorization header.')
285 # GET or POST query string.
287 query_params = OAuthRequest._split_url_string(query_string)
288 parameters.update(query_params)
291 param_str = urlparse.urlparse(http_url)[4] # query
292 url_params = OAuthRequest._split_url_string(param_str)
293 parameters.update(url_params)
296 return OAuthRequest(http_method, http_url, parameters)
299 from_request = staticmethod(from_request)
301 def from_consumer_and_token(oauth_consumer, token=None,
302 callback=None, verifier=None, http_method=HTTP_METHOD,
303 http_url=None, parameters=None):
308 'oauth_consumer_key': oauth_consumer.key,
309 'oauth_timestamp': generate_timestamp(),
310 'oauth_nonce': generate_nonce(),
311 'oauth_version': OAuthRequest.version,
314 defaults.update(parameters)
315 parameters = defaults
318 parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
320 parameters['oauth_callback'] = token.callback
321 # 1.0a support for verifier.
323 parameters['oauth_verifier'] = verifier
325 # 1.0a support for callback in the request token request.
326 parameters['oauth_callback'] = callback
328 return OAuthRequest(http_method, http_url, parameters)
329 from_consumer_and_token = staticmethod(from_consumer_and_token)
331 def from_token_and_callback(token, callback=None, http_method=HTTP_METHOD,
332 http_url=None, parameters=None):
336 parameters['oauth_token'] = token.key
339 parameters['oauth_callback'] = callback
341 return OAuthRequest(http_method, http_url, parameters)
342 from_token_and_callback = staticmethod(from_token_and_callback)
344 def _split_header(header):
345 """Turn Authorization: header into parameters."""
347 parts = header.split(',')
349 # Ignore realm parameter.
350 if param.find('realm') > -1:
353 param = param.strip()
355 param_parts = param.split('=', 1)
356 # Remove quotes and unescape the value.
357 params[param_parts[0]] = urllib.unquote(param_parts[1].strip('\"'))
359 _split_header = staticmethod(_split_header)
361 def _split_url_string(param_str):
362 """Turn URL string into parameters."""
363 parameters = cgi.parse_qs(param_str, keep_blank_values=False)
364 for k, v in parameters.iteritems():
365 parameters[k] = urllib.unquote(v[0])
367 _split_url_string = staticmethod(_split_url_string)
369 class OAuthServer(object):
370 """A worker to check the validity of a request against a data store."""
371 timestamp_threshold = 300 # In seconds, five minutes.
373 signature_methods = None
376 def __init__(self, data_store=None, signature_methods=None):
377 self.data_store = data_store
378 self.signature_methods = signature_methods or {}
380 def set_data_store(self, data_store):
381 self.data_store = data_store
383 def get_data_store(self):
384 return self.data_store
386 def add_signature_method(self, signature_method):
387 self.signature_methods[signature_method.get_name()] = signature_method
388 return self.signature_methods
390 def fetch_request_token(self, oauth_request):
391 """Processes a request_token request and returns the
392 request token on success.
395 # Get the request token for authorization.
396 token = self._get_token(oauth_request, 'request')
398 # No token required for the initial token request.
399 version = self._get_version(oauth_request)
400 consumer = self._get_consumer(oauth_request)
402 callback = self.get_callback(oauth_request)
404 callback = None # 1.0, no callback specified.
405 self._check_signature(oauth_request, consumer, None)
407 token = self.data_store.fetch_request_token(consumer, callback)
410 def fetch_access_token(self, oauth_request):
411 """Processes an access_token request and returns the
412 access token on success.
414 version = self._get_version(oauth_request)
415 consumer = self._get_consumer(oauth_request)
417 verifier = self._get_verifier(oauth_request)
420 # Get the request token.
421 token = self._get_token(oauth_request, 'request')
422 self._check_signature(oauth_request, consumer, token)
423 new_token = self.data_store.fetch_access_token(consumer, token, verifier)
426 def verify_request(self, oauth_request):
427 """Verifies an api call and checks all the parameters."""
428 # -> consumer and token
429 version = self._get_version(oauth_request)
430 consumer = self._get_consumer(oauth_request)
431 # Get the access token.
432 token = self._get_token(oauth_request, 'access')
433 self._check_signature(oauth_request, consumer, token)
434 parameters = oauth_request.get_nonoauth_parameters()
435 return consumer, token, parameters
437 def authorize_token(self, token, user):
438 """Authorize a request token."""
439 return self.data_store.authorize_request_token(token, user)
441 def get_callback(self, oauth_request):
442 """Get the callback URL."""
443 return oauth_request.get_parameter('oauth_callback')
445 def build_authenticate_header(self, realm=''):
446 """Optional support for the authenticate header."""
447 return {'WWW-Authenticate': 'OAuth realm="%s"' % realm}
449 def _get_version(self, oauth_request):
450 """Verify the correct version request for this server."""
452 version = oauth_request.get_parameter('oauth_version')
455 if version and version != self.version:
456 raise OAuthError('OAuth version %s not supported.' % str(version))
459 def _get_signature_method(self, oauth_request):
460 """Figure out the signature with some defaults."""
462 signature_method = oauth_request.get_parameter(
463 'oauth_signature_method')
465 signature_method = SIGNATURE_METHOD
467 # Get the signature method object.
468 signature_method = self.signature_methods[signature_method]
470 signature_method_names = ', '.join(self.signature_methods.keys())
471 raise OAuthError('Signature method %s not supported try one of the '
472 'following: %s' % (signature_method, signature_method_names))
474 return signature_method
476 def _get_consumer(self, oauth_request):
477 consumer_key = oauth_request.get_parameter('oauth_consumer_key')
478 consumer = self.data_store.lookup_consumer(consumer_key)
480 raise OAuthError('Invalid consumer.')
483 def _get_token(self, oauth_request, token_type='access'):
484 """Try to find the token for the provided request token key."""
485 token_field = oauth_request.get_parameter('oauth_token')
486 token = self.data_store.lookup_token(token_type, token_field)
488 raise OAuthError('Invalid %s token: %s' % (token_type, token_field))
491 def _get_verifier(self, oauth_request):
492 return oauth_request.get_parameter('oauth_verifier')
494 def _check_signature(self, oauth_request, consumer, token):
495 timestamp, nonce = oauth_request._get_timestamp_nonce()
496 self._check_timestamp(timestamp)
497 self._check_nonce(consumer, token, nonce)
498 signature_method = self._get_signature_method(oauth_request)
500 signature = oauth_request.get_parameter('oauth_signature')
502 raise OAuthError('Missing signature.')
503 # Validate the signature.
504 valid_sig = signature_method.check_signature(oauth_request, consumer,
507 key, base = signature_method.build_signature_base_string(
508 oauth_request, consumer, token)
509 raise OAuthError('Invalid signature. Expected signature base '
511 built = signature_method.build_signature(oauth_request, consumer, token)
513 def _check_timestamp(self, timestamp):
514 """Verify that timestamp is recentish."""
515 timestamp = int(timestamp)
516 now = int(time.time())
517 lapsed = abs(now - timestamp)
518 if lapsed > self.timestamp_threshold:
519 raise OAuthError('Expired timestamp: given %d and now %s has a '
520 'greater difference than threshold %d' %
521 (timestamp, now, self.timestamp_threshold))
523 def _check_nonce(self, consumer, token, nonce):
524 """Verify that the nonce is uniqueish."""
525 nonce = self.data_store.lookup_nonce(consumer, token, nonce)
527 raise OAuthError('Nonce already used: %s' % str(nonce))
530 class OAuthClient(object):
531 """OAuthClient is a worker to attempt to execute a request."""
535 def __init__(self, oauth_consumer, oauth_token):
536 self.consumer = oauth_consumer
537 self.token = oauth_token
539 def get_consumer(self):
545 def fetch_request_token(self, oauth_request):
547 raise NotImplementedError
549 def fetch_access_token(self, oauth_request):
551 raise NotImplementedError
553 def access_resource(self, oauth_request):
554 """-> Some protected resource."""
555 raise NotImplementedError
558 class OAuthDataStore(object):
559 """A database abstraction used to lookup consumers and tokens."""
561 def lookup_consumer(self, key):
562 """-> OAuthConsumer."""
563 raise NotImplementedError
565 def lookup_token(self, oauth_consumer, token_type, token_token):
567 raise NotImplementedError
569 def lookup_nonce(self, oauth_consumer, oauth_token, nonce):
571 raise NotImplementedError
573 def fetch_request_token(self, oauth_consumer, oauth_callback):
575 raise NotImplementedError
577 def fetch_access_token(self, oauth_consumer, oauth_token, oauth_verifier):
579 raise NotImplementedError
581 def authorize_request_token(self, oauth_token, user):
583 raise NotImplementedError
586 class OAuthSignatureMethod(object):
587 """A strategy class that implements a signature method."""
590 raise NotImplementedError
592 def build_signature_base_string(self, oauth_request, oauth_consumer, oauth_token):
593 """-> str key, str raw."""
594 raise NotImplementedError
596 def build_signature(self, oauth_request, oauth_consumer, oauth_token):
598 raise NotImplementedError
600 def check_signature(self, oauth_request, consumer, token, signature):
601 built = self.build_signature(oauth_request, consumer, token)
602 return built == signature
605 class OAuthSignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1(OAuthSignatureMethod):
610 def build_signature_base_string(self, oauth_request, consumer, token):
612 escape(oauth_request.get_normalized_http_method()),
613 escape(oauth_request.get_normalized_http_url()),
614 escape(oauth_request.get_normalized_parameters()),
617 key = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
619 key += escape(token.secret)
623 def build_signature(self, oauth_request, consumer, token):
624 """Builds the base signature string."""
625 key, raw = self.build_signature_base_string(oauth_request, consumer,
631 hashed = hmac.new(key, raw, hashlib.sha1)
633 import sha # Deprecated
634 hashed = hmac.new(key, raw, sha)
636 # Calculate the digest base 64.
637 return binascii.b2a_base64(hashed.digest())[:-1]
640 class OAuthSignatureMethod_PLAINTEXT(OAuthSignatureMethod):
645 def build_signature_base_string(self, oauth_request, consumer, token):
646 """Concatenates the consumer key and secret."""
647 sig = '%s&' % escape(consumer.secret)
649 sig = sig + escape(token.secret)
652 def build_signature(self, oauth_request, consumer, token):
653 key, raw = self.build_signature_base_string(oauth_request, consumer,