[fspm_howto] / FreeSoftwareProjectManagementHOWTO.sgml

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 <artheader>
  <title>Free Software Project Management HOWTO</title>
  
  <author>
   <firstname>Benjamin</firstname>
   <othername>"Mako"</othername>
   <surname>Hill</surname>
   <affiliation>
    <address>
      <email>mako@debian.org</email>
    </address>
   </affiliation>
  </author>

  <revhistory>
   <revision>
    <revnumber>v0.3</revnumber>
    <date>5 May 2001</date>
    <authorinitials>bch</authorinitials>
   </revision>

   <revision>
    <revnumber>v0.2.1</revnumber>
    <date>10 April 2001</date>
    <authorinitials>bch</authorinitials>
   </revision>

   <revision>
    <revnumber>v0.2</revnumber>
    <date>8 April 2001</date>
    <authorinitials>bch</authorinitials>
   </revision>

   <revision>
    <revnumber>v0.01</revnumber>
    <date>27 March 2001</date>
    <authorinitials>bch</authorinitials>
    <revremark>Initial Release</revremark>
   </revision>
  </revhistory>

  <abstract>
   <indexterm>
    <primary>fswd</primary>
   </indexterm>
   
   <para>
    This HOWTO is designed for people with experience in programming
    and some skills in managing a software project but who are new to
    the world of free software. This document is meant to act as a
    guide to the non-technical aspects of free software project
    management and was written to be a crash course in the people
    skills that aren't taught to commercial coders but that can make
    or break a free software project.
   </para>
  </abstract>
  
 </artheader>

<!-- Section1: intro -->

 <sect1 id="intro">
  <title>Introduction</title>
  
  <indexterm>
   <primary>fswd!introduction</primary>
  </indexterm>
  
  <para>
   Skimming through freshmeat.net provides mountains of reasons for this
   HOWTO's existence--the Internet is littered with excellently
   written and useful programs that have faded away into the universe
   of free software forgottenness. This dismal scene made me ask
   myself, "Why?"
  </para>

  <para>
   This HOWTO tries to do a lot of things (probably too many), but it
   can't answer that question and won't attempt it. What this HOWTO
   will attempt to do is give your Free Software project a fighting
   chance--an edge. If you write a piece of crap that no one is
   interested in, you can read this HOWTO until you can recite it in
   your sleep and your project will probably fail. Then again, you can
   write a beautiful, relevant piece of software and follow every
   instruction in this HOWTO and your software may still not make
   it. Sometimes life is like that. However, I'll go out a limb and
   say that if you write a great, relevant pieces of software and
   ignore the advise in this HOWTO, you'll probably fail <emphasis>
   more often</emphasis>.
  </para>

  <para>
   A lot of the information in this HOWTO is best called common
   sense. Of course, as any debate on interfaces will prove, what is
   common sense to some programmers proves totally unintuitive to
   others. After explaining bits and pieces of this HOWTO to Free
   Software developers on several occasions, I realized that writing
   this HOWTO might provide a useful resource and a forum for
   programmers to share ideas about what has and has not worked for
   them.
  </para>

  <para>
   As anyone involved in any of what seems like an unending parade of
   ridiculous intellectual property clashes will attest to, a little
   bit of legalese proves important.
  </para>

<!-- Section2: copyright -->

  <sect2 id="copyright">
   <title>Copyright Information</title>

   <para>
    This document is copyrighted (c) 2000 Benjamin (Mako) Hill and is
    distributed under the terms of the <citetitle>GNU Free
    Documentation License</citetitle>.
   </para>

    <para>
     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the <link
     linkend="fdl"><citetitle>GNU Free Documentation
     License</citetitle></link>, Version 1.1 or any later version
     published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant
     Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy
     of the license can be found in <xref linkend="fdl">.
    </para>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: disclaimer -->

  <sect2 id="disclaimer">
   <title>Disclaimer</title>

   <para>
    No liability for the contents of this documents can be accepted.
    Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk.  As
    this is a new edition of this document, there may be errors and
    inaccuracies, that may of course be damaging to your project (and
    potentially your system).  Proceed with caution, and although this
    is highly unlikely, the author(s) does not take any responsibility
    for that.
   </para>

   <para>
    All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless
    specifically noted otherwise.  Use of a term in this document
    should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark
    or service mark.
   </para>

   <para>
    Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen 
    as endorsements.
   </para>

  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: newversions-->

  <sect2 id="newversions">
   <title>New Versions</title>

   <para>
    This version is the part of the third pre-release cycle of this
    HOWTO. It is written to be released to developers for critique and
    brainstorming. Please keep in mind that this version of the HOWTO
    is still in an infant stage and will continue to be revised
    extensively.
   </para>

   <para>
    The latest version number of this document should always be listed
    on <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto">the projects
    homepage </ulink> hosted by <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org">yukidoke.org.</ulink>
   </para>

   <para>
    The newest version of this HOWTO will always be made available at
    the same website, in a variety of formats:
   </para>

   <para>
   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO/t1.html">HTML</ulink>.
     </para>
    </listitem>


    <listitem>
     <para>
      <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.html">HTML (single page)</ulink>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <ulink URL="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.txt">plain text</ulink>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.ps.gz">Compressed postscript</ulink>.
     </para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>
      <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.sgml.gz">Compressed SGML source</ulink>.
     </para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
   </para>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: credits -->

  <sect2 id="credits">
   <title>Credits</title>

   <para>
    In this version I have the pleasure of acknowledging:
   </para>

   <para>
    Anyone who gave me an idea for a better name and everyone who
    assured me that a <citetitle>Project Management HOWTO</citetitle>
    didn't necessary sound corporate.
   </para>

   <para>
    Josh Crawford, Andy King, and Jaime Davila who all read through
    this in entirety and gave me feedback that has helped me make
    changes and improvements to this document. I can't thank you guys
    enough for your help. An extra <quote>Thank You</quote> goes to
    Andy King who who read through this several times and submitted
    patches to make life easier for me.
   </para>

   <para>
    Karl Fogel, the author of <citetitle>Open Source Development with
    CVS</citetitle> published by the Coriolis Open Press. Large parts
    of his book are available <ulink
    url="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com">on the web</ulink>. 225 pages of
    the book are available under the GPL and constitute the best
    tutorial on CVS I've ever seen. The rest of the book covers,
    <quote>the challenges and philosophical issues inherent in running
    an Open Source project using CVS.</quote> The book does a good job
    of covering some of the subjects brought up in this HOWTO and much
    more. <ulink url="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com">The book's
    website</ulink> has information on ordering the book and provides
    several translations of the chapters on CVS. If you are seriously
    interested in running a Free Software project, you want this
    book. I tried to mention Fogel in sections of this HOWTO where I
    knew I was borrowing directly from his ideas. If I missed any, I'm
    sorry. I'll try and have those fixed in future versions.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    Karl Fogel can be reached at <email>kfogel (at) red-bean (dot)
    com</email>
   </para>

   <para>
    Also providing support material, and inspiration for this HOWTO is
    Eric S. Raymond for his prolific, consistent, and carefully
    crafted arguments and Lawrence Lessig for reminding me of the
    importance of Free Software. Additionaly, I want to thank every
    user and developer involved with the <ulink
    url="http://www.debian.org">Debian Project</ulink>. The project
    has provided me with a home, a place to practice free software
    advocacy, a place to make a difference, a place to learn from
    those who have been involved with the movement much longer than I,
    and proof of a free software project that definitely, definitely
    works.
   </para>

   <para>
    Above all, I want to thank <emphasis>Richard Stallman</emphasis>
    for his work at the Free Software Foundation and for never giving
    up. Stallman provides and articulates the philosophical basis that
    attracts me to free software and that drives me towards writing a
    document to make sure it succeeds. RMS can always be emailed at
    <email>rms (at) gnu (dot) org</email>.
   </para>

  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: feedback -->

  <sect2 id="feedback">
   <title>Feedback</title>

   <para>
    Feedback is always and most certainly welcome for this
    document. Without your submissions and input, this document
    wouldn't exist. Do you feel that something is missing? Don't
    hesitate to contact me to have me write a chapter, section, or
    subsection or to write one yourself. I want this document to be a
    product of the Free Software development process that it heralds
    and I believe that its ultimate success will be rooted in its
    ability to do this. Please send your additions, comments, and
    criticisms to the following email address:
    <email>mako@debian.org</email>.
   </para>
   </sect2>

<!-- Section2: translations -->

  <sect2 id="translations">
   <title>Translations</title>

   <para>
    I know that not everyone speaks English. Translations are nice and
    I'd love for this HOWTO to gain the kind of international reach
    afforded by translated versions.
   </para>

   <para>
    However, this HOWTO is still young and I have to yet to be
    contacted about a translation so English is all that is currently
    available. If you would like to help with or do a translation, you
    will gain my utmost respect and admiration and you'll get to be
    part of a cool process. If you are at all interested, please don't
    hesitate to contact me at: <email>mako@debian.org</email>.
   </para>
   </sect2>
 </sect1>

<!-- Section1: intro: END -->

<!-- Section1: starting -->

 <sect1 id="starting">
  <title>Starting a Project</title>

   <indexterm>
    <primary>fswd!starting</primary>
   </indexterm>
  <para>
   With very little argument, the beginning is the most difficult
   period in a project's life to do successful free software project
   managment. Laying a firm foundation will determine whether your
   project flourishes or withers away and dies. It is also the subject
   that is of most immediate interest to anyone reading this document
   as a tutorial.
  </para>

  <para>
   Starting a project involves a dilemma that you as a developer must
   try and deal with: no potential user for your program is interested
   in a program that doesn't work, while the development process that
   you want to employ holds involvement of users as imperative.
  </para>

  <para>
   It is in these dangerous initial moments that anyone working to
   start a free software project must try and strike a balance along
   these lines. One of the most important ways that someone trying to
   start a project can work towards this balance is by establishing a
   solid framework for the development process through some of the
   suggestions mentioned in this section.
  </para>


<!-- Section2: chooseproject-->

  <sect2 id="chooseproject">
   <title>Choosing a Project</title>

   <para>
    If you are reading this document, there's a good chance you
    already have an idea for a project in mind. Chances are also
    pretty good that it fills a percieved gap by doing something that
    no other free software project does or by doing something in a way
    that is unique enough to necessitate a brand new piece of
    software.
   </para>

   <sect3 id=identifyidea>
    <title>Identify and articulate your idea</title>
    <para>
     Eric S. Raymond writes about how free software projects start in
     his essay, <ulink
     url="http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/"><quote>The
     Cathedral and the Bazaar,</quote></ulink> which comes as required
     reading for any free software developer. It is available online .
    </para>

    <para>
     In <quote>The Cathedral and the Bazaar,</quote> Raymond tells us
     that: <quote>every good work of software starts by scratching
     a developers itch.</quote> Raymond's now widely accepted
     hypothesis is that new free software programs are written, first
     and foremost, to solve a specific problem facing the developer.
    </para>

    <para>
     If you have an idea for a program in mind, chances are good that
     it targets a specific problem or <quote>itch</quote> you want to
     see scratched. <emphasis>This idea is the project.</emphasis>
     Articulate it clearly. Write it out. Describe the problem you
     will attack in detail. The success of your project in tackling a
     particular problem will be tied to your ability to identify that
     problem clearly early on. Find out exactly what it is that you
     want your project to do.
    </para>

    <para>
     Monty Manley articulates the importance of this initial step in
     an essay, <quote><ulink
     url="http://news.linuxprogramming.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-10-31-001-05-CD">Managing
     Projects the Open Source Way.</ulink></quote> As the next section
     will show, there is <emphasis>a lot</emphasis> of work that needs
     to be done before software is even ready to be coded. Manley
     says, <quote>Beginning an OSS project properly means that a
     developer must, first and foremost, avoid writing code too
     soon!</quote>
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3 id=evalulateidea>
    <title>Evaluate your idea</title>

    <para>
     In evaluating your idea, you need to first ask yourself a few
     questions.  This should happen before you move any further
     through this HOWTO. Ask yourself: <emphasis>Is the free software
     development model really the right one for your
     project?</emphasis>
    </para>

    <para>
     Obviously, since the program scratches your itch, you are
     definitely interested in seeing it implemented in code. But,
     because one hacker coding in solitude fails to qualify as a free
     software development effort, you need to ask yourself a second
     question: <emphasis>Is anybody else interested?</emphasis>
    </para>

    <para>
     Sometimes the answer is a simple <quote>no.</quote> If you want
     to write a set of scripts to sort <emphasis>your</emphasis>
     <acronym>MP3</acronym> collection on <emphasis>your</emphasis>
     machine, <emphasis>maybe</emphasis> the free software development
     model is not the best one to choose. However, if you want to
     write a set of scripts to sort <emphasis>anyone's</emphasis>
     <acronym>MP3</acronym>s, a free software project might fill a
     useful gap.
    </para>

    <para>
     Luckily, the Internet is a place so big and so diverse that,
     chances are, there is someone, somewhere, who shares your
     interests and who feels the same <quote>itch.</quote> It is the
     fact that there are so many people with so many similar needs and
     desires that introduces the third major question: <emphasis>Has
     somebody already had your idea or a reasonably similar
     one?</emphasis>
    </para>

     <sect4 id=evalwhere>
      <title>Finding Similar Projects</title>

     <para>
      There are places you can go on the web to try and answer the
      question above. If you have experience with the free software
      community, you are probably already familiar with many of these
      sites. All of the resources listed below offer searching of
      their databases:
     </para>

     <para>
     <variablelist>
       <varlistentry>
        <term>freshmeat.net</term>
        <listitem>
         <para><ulink url="http://freshmeat.net">freshmeat.net</ulink>
         describes itself as, <quote>the Web's largest index of Linux
         and Open Source software</quote> and its reputation along
         these lines is totally unparalleled and unquestioned. If you
         can't find it on freshmeat, its doubtful that you (or anyone
         else) will find it at all.</para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>

       <varlistentry>
        <term>Slashdot</term>
        <listitem>
         <para><ulink url="http://slashdot.org">Slashdot</ulink>
         provides <quote>News for Nerds. Stuff that matters,</quote>
         which usually includes discussion of free software, open
         source, technology, and geek culture news and events. It is
         not unusual for a particularly sexy development effort to be
         announced here, so it is definitely worth checking.</para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>

       <varlistentry>
        <term>SourceForge</term>
        <listitem>
         <para><ulink url="http://sourceforge.net">SourceForge</ulink>
         houses and facilitates a growing number of open source and
         free software projects. It is also quickly becoming a nexus
         and a necessary stop for free software
         developers. SourceForge's <ulink
         url="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php">software
         map</ulink> and <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/new/"> new
         release</ulink> pages should be necessary stops before
         embarking on a new free software project. SourceForge also
         provides a <ulink
         url="http://sourceforge.net/snippet/">Code Snippet
         Library</ulink> which contains useful reusable chunks of code
         in an array of languages which can come in useful in any
         project.</para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>

       <varlistentry>
        <term>Google and Google's Linux Search</term>
        <listitem>
         <para><ulink url="http://www.google.com">Google</ulink> and
         <ulink url="http://www.google.com/linux"> Google's Linux
         Search</ulink>, provides powerful web searches that may reveal
         people working on similar projects. It is not a catalog of
         software or news like freshmeat or Slashdot, but it is worth
         checking to make sure you aren't pouring your effort into a
         redundant project.</para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>

      </variablelist>
     </para>
    </sect4>

    <sect4 id=evalhow>
     <title>Deciding to Proceed</title>
     <para>
      Once you have successfully charted the terrain and have an idea
      about what kinds of similar free software projects exist, every
      developer needs to decide whether to proceed with their own
      project. It is rare that a new project seeks to accomplish a
      goal that is not at all similar or related to the goal of
      another project. Anyone starting a new project needs to ask
      themselves: <quote>Will the new project be duplicating work done
      by another project? Will the new project be competing for
      developers with an existing project? Can the goals of the new
      project be accomplished by adding functionality to an existing
      project?</quote>
     </para>

     <para>
      If the answer to any of these questions is <quote>yes,</quote>
      try to contact the developer of the existing project(s) in
      question and see if he or she might be willing to collaborate
      with you.
     </para>

     <para>
      For many developers this may be the single most difficult aspect
      of free software project managment, but it is an essential one. It is
      easy to become fired up by an idea and get caught up in the
      momentum and excitement of a new project. It is often extremely
      difficult to do, but it is important that any free software
      developer remembers that the best interests of the free software
      community and the quickest way to accomplish your own project's
      goals and the goals of similar projects can often be
      accomplished by <emphasis>not</emphasis> starting a new
      development effort.
     </para>

    </sect4>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: naming-->

  <sect2 id="naming">
   <title>Naming your project</title>

   <para>
    While there are plenty of projects that fail with descriptive
    names and plenty that succeed without them, I think naming your
    project is worth giving a bit of thought. Leslie Orchard tackles
    this issue in an <ulink
    url="http://www.advogato.org/article/67.html">Advogato
    article</ulink>. His article is short and definately worth looking
    over quickly.
   </para>

   <para>
    The synopsis is that Orchard recommends you pick a name where,
    after hearing the name, many users or developers will both:
   </para>

   <para>
    <itemizedlist>
     <listitem>
      <para>Know what the project does.</para>
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
      <para>Remember it tomorrow.</para>
     </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
   </para>

   <para>
    Humorously, Orchard's project, <quote>Iajitsu,</quote> does
    neither. It is probably unrelated that development has effectively
    frozen since the article was written.
   </para>

   <para>
    He makes a good point though. There are companies whose only job
    is to make names for pieces of software. They make
    <emphasis>ridiculous</emphasis> amount of money doing it and are
    supposedly worth it. While you probably can't aford a company like
    this, you can afford to learn from their existance and think a
    little bit about the name you are giving your project because it
    <emphasis>does</emphasis> matter.
   </para>

   <para>
    If there is a name you really want but it doesn't fit Orchard's
    criteria, you can still go ahead. I thought <quote>gnubile</quote>
    was one of the best I'd heard for a free software project ever and
    I still talk about it long after I've stopped using the
    program. However, if you can be flexible on the subject, listen to
    Orchard's advice. It might help you.
   </para>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: licensing-->

  <sect2 id="licensing">
   <title>Licensing your Software</title>
   
   <para>
    On one (somewhat simplistic) level, the difference between a piece
    of free software and a piece of propriety software is the
    license. A license helps you as the developer by protecting your
    legal rights to have your software distributed under your terms
    and helps demonstrate to those who wish to help you or your
    project that they are encouraged to join.
   </para>
   
   <sect3 id="chooselicense">
    <title>Choosing a license</title>

    <para>
     Any discussion of licenses is also sure to generate at least a
     small flame war as there are strong feelings that some free
     software licenses are better than others. This discussion also
     brings up the question of <quote>Open Source Software</quote> and
     the debate over the terms <quote>Open Source Software</quote> and
     <quote>Free Software</quote>. However, because I've written the
     Free Software Project Management HOWTO and not the Open Source
     Software Project Management HOWTO, my own allegiances in this
     argument are in the open.
    </para>

    <para>
     In attempting to reach a middle ground through diplomacy without
     sacrificing my own philosophy, I will recommend picking any
     license that conforms to the <ulink
     url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Free Software
     Guidelines</ulink>. Originally compiled by the Debian project
     under Bruce Perens, the <acronym>DFSG</acronym> forms the first
     version of the <ulink
     url="http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition_plain.html">Open
     Source Definition.</ulink> Examples of free licenses given by the
     <acronym>DFSG</acronym> are the <acronym>GPL</acronym>, the
     <acronym>BSD</acronym>, and the Artistic License.
    </para>

    <para>
     Conforming to the definition of free software offered by Richard
     Stallman in <ulink
     url="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html"><quote>The Free
     Software Definition</quote></ulink>, any of these licenses will
     uphold, <quote>users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study,
     change and improve the software.</quote> There are plenty of
     other licenses that also conform to the <acronym>DFSG</acronym>
     but sticking with a more well-known license will offer the advantage
     of immediate recognition and understanding.
    </para>

    <para>
     In attempting a more in-depth analysis, I agree with Karl Fogel's
     description of licenses as falling into two groups: those that
     are the <acronym>GPL</acronym> and those that are not the
     <acronym>GPL</acronym>.
    </para>

    <para>
     Personally, I license all my software under the
     <acronym>GPL</acronym>. Created and protected by the Free
     Software Foundation and the GNU Project, the
     <acronym>GPL</acronym> is the license for the Linux kernel,
     GNOME, Emacs, and the vast majority of GNU/Linux software. It's
     the obvious choice but I also believe it is a good one. Any BSD
     fanatic will urge you to remember that there is a viral aspect to
     the <acronym>GPL</acronym> that prevents the mixture of
     <acronym>GPL</acronym>'ed code with non-<acronym>GPL</acronym>'ed
     code. To many people (myself included), this is a benefit, but to
     some, it is a major drawback.
    </para>

    <para>
     The three major licenses can be found at the following locations:
    </para>

    <para>
     <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
       <para><ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html">The GNU
       General Public License</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para><ulink url="http://www.debian.org/misc/bsd.license">The
       BSD License</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
       <para><ulink
       url="http://language.perl.com/misc/Artistic.html">The Artistic
       License</ulink></para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <para>
     <emphasis>In any case, please read through any license before
     your release your software under it. As the primary developer,
     you can't afford any license surprises.</emphasis>
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3 id="licensechoose">
    <title>The mechanics of licensing</title>

    <para>
     The text of the <acronym>GPL</acronym> offers <ulink
     url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html#SEC4">a good
     description of the mechanics of applying a license</ulink> to a
     piece of software. My quick checklist for applying a license
     includes:
    </para>

    <para>
     <itemizedlist>
     
      <listitem>
       <para>If at all possible, attach and distribute a full copy of
       the license with the source and binary by including a separate
       file.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>At the top of each source file in your program, attach a
       notice of copyright and include information on where the full
       license can be found. The <acronym>GPL</acronym> recommends
       that each file begin with:</para>

       <screen>
<emphasis>one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.</emphasis>
Copyright (C) yyyy  name of author

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307, USA.
       </screen>

       <para>
        The <acronym>GPL</acronym> goes on to recommend attaching
        information on methods for contacting you (the author) via
        email or physical mail.
      </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        The <acronym>GPL</acronym> continues and suggests that if your
        program runs in an interactive mode, you should write the
        program to output a notice each time it enters interactive
        mode that includes a message like this one that points to full
        information about the programs license:
       </para>

       <screen>
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' 
for details.
       </screen>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>Finally, it might be helpful to include a
       <quote>copyright disclaimer</quote> from an employer or a
       school if you work as a programmer or if it seems like your
       employer or school might be able to make an argument for
       ownership of your code later on. These aren't often needed but
       there are plenty of free software developers who have gotten
       into trouble and wish they'd asked for one.</para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </para>    
   </sect3>

   <sect3 id="licensewarning">
    <title>Final license warning</title>

    <para>
     Please, please, please, place your software under
     <emphasis>some</emphasis> license. It may not seem important, and
     to you it may not be, but licenses <emphasis>are</emphasis>
     important. For a piece of software to be included in the Debian
     GNU/Linux distribution, it must have a license that fits the
     <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Free
     Software Guidelines</ulink>. If your software has no license, it
     can not be distributed as a package in Debian until you
     re-release it under a free license. Please save yourself and
     others trouble by releasing the first version of your software
     with a clear license.
    </para>

   </sect3>

 </sect2>

<!-- Section2: chooseversioning-->

  <sect2 id="chooseversioning">
   <title>Choosing a Method of Version Numbering</title>

   <para>
    <emphasis>The most important thing about a system of version
    numbering is that there is one.</emphasis> It may seem pedantic to
    emphasize this point but you'd be surprised at the number of
    scripts and small programs that pop up without any version number
    at all.
   </para>

   <para>
    <emphasis>The second most important thing about a system of
    numbering is that the numbers always go up.</emphasis> Automatic
    version tracking systems and people's sense of order in the
    universe will fall apart if version numbers don't rise. It doesn't
    <emphasis>really</emphasis> matter if 2.1 is a big jump and
    2.0.005 is a small jump but it does matter that 2.1 is more recent
    than 2.0.005.
   </para>

   <para>
    Follow these two simple rules and you will not go (too)
    wrong. Beyond this, the most common technique seems to be the
    <quote>major level,</quote> <quote>minor level,</quote>
    <quote>patch level</quote> version numbering scheme. Whether you
    are familiar with the name or not, you interact with it all the
    time. The first number is the major number and it signifies major
    changes or rewrites. The second number is the minor number and it
    represents added or tweaked functionality on top of a largely
    coherant structure. The third number is the patch number and it
    usually will only refer to releases fixing bugs.
   </para>

   <para>
    The widespread use of this scheme is why I know the nature and
    relative degree in the differences between a 2.4.12 release of the
    Linux kernel and a 2.4.11, 2.2.12, and 1.2.12 without knowning
    anything about any of the releases.
   </para>

   <para>
    You can bend or break these rules, and people do. But beware, if
    you choose to, someone will get annoyed, assume you don't know,
    and try and educate you, probably not nicely. I always follow this
    method and I implore you to do so as well.
   </para>
   
   <para>
    There are several version numbering systems that are well known,
    useful, and that might be worth looking into before you release
    your first version.
   </para>

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Linux kernel version numbering:</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>The Linux kernel uses a versioning system where any odd
      minor version number refers to an development or testing release
      and any even minor version number refers to a stable
      version. Think about it for a second. Under this system, 2.1 and
      2.3 kernels were and always will be development or testing
      kernels and 2.0, 2.2. and 2.4 kernels are all production code
      with a higher degree of stability and more testing.
     </para>

      <para>
       Whether you plan on having a split development model (as
       described in <xref linkend="branches">) or only one version
       released at a time, my experience with several free software
       projects and with the Debian project has taught me that use of
       Linux's version numbering system is worth taking into
       consideration. In Debian, <emphasis>all</emphasis> minor
       versions are stable distributions (2.0, 2.1, etc). However,
       many people assume that 2.1 is an unstable or development
       version and continue to use an older version until they get so
       frustrated with the lack of development progress that they
       complain and figure the system out. If you never release an odd
       minor version but only release even ones, nobody is hurt, and
       less people are confused. It's an idea worth taking into
       consideration.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Wine version numbering:</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>Because of the unusual nature of wine's development where
      the not-emulator is constantly improving but not working towards
      any immediately achievable goal, wine is released every three
      weeks. Wine does this by labeling their releases in <quote>Year
      Month Day</quote> format where each release might be labeled
      <quote>wine-XXXXXXXX</quote> where the version from January 04,
      2000 would be <quote>wine-20000104</quote>. For certain
      projects, <quote>Year Month Day</quote> format can make a lot of
      sense.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Mozilla milestones:</term>
     <listitem>
      <para>When one considers Netscape 6 and vendor versions, the
      mozilla's project development structure is one of the most
      complex free software models available. The project's version
      numbering has reflected the unique situation in which it is
      developed.
      </para>

      <para>
       Mozilla's version numbering structure has historically been
       made up of milestones. From the beginning of the mozilla
       project, the goals of the project in the order and degree to
       which they were to be achieved were charted out on a series of
       <ulink url="http://www.mozilla.org/roadmap.html">road
       maps</ulink>. Major points and achievements along these
       road-maps were marked as milestones. Therefore, although
       mozilla was built and distributed nightly as <quote>nightly
       builds,</quote> on a day when the goals of a milestone on the
       road-map had been reached, that particular build was marked as
       a <quote>milestone release.</quote>
      </para>

      <para>
       While I haven't seen this method employed in any other projects
       to date, I like the idea and think that it might have value in
       any testing or development branch of a large application under
       heavy development.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>

   </variablelist>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: documentation-->

  <sect2 id="documentation">
   <title>Documentation</title>

   <para>
    A huge number of otherwise fantastic free software applications
    have withered and died because their author was the only person
    who knew how to use them fully. Even if your program is written
    primarily for a techno-savvy group of users, documentation is
    helpful and even necessary for the survival of your project. You
    will learn later in <xref linkend="releasing"> that you should
    always release something that is usable. <emphasis>A piece of
    software without documentation is not usable.</emphasis>
   </para>

   <para>
    There are lots of different people you should document for and
    there are lots of ways to document your project. <emphasis>The
    importance of documentation in source code to help facilitate
    development by a large community is vital</emphasis> but it falls
    outside the scope of this HOWTO. This being the case, this section
    deals with useful tactics for user-directed documentation.
   </para>

   <para>
    A combination of tradition and necessity has resulted in a
    semi-regular system of documentation in most free software
    projects that is worth following. Both users and developers expect
    to be able to get documentation in several ways and it's essential
    that you provide the information they are seeking in a form they
    can read if your project is ever going to get off the
    ground. People have come to expect:
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Man pages</title> 

    <para>Your users will want to be able to type <quote>man
    yourprojectname</quote> end up with a nicely formatted man page
    highlighting the basic use of your application. Make sure that
    before you release your program, you've planned for this.
    </para>

    <para>
     Man pages are not difficult to write. There is excellent
     documentation on the man page writing process available through
     the <quote>The Linux Man-Page-HOWTO</quote> which is available
     through the Linux Documentation project <acronym>(LDP)</acronym>
     and is written by Jens Schweikhardt. It is available <ulink
     url="http://www.schweikhardt.net/man_page_howto.html">from
     Schweikhardt's site</ulink> or <ulink
     url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/Man-Page.html">from the
     <acronym>LDP</acronym></ulink>.
    </para>

    <para>
     It is also possible to write man pages using DocBook
     SGML. Because man pages are so simple and the DocBook method
     relatively new, I have not been able to follow this up but would
     love help from anyone who can give me more information on how
     exactly how this is done.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Command line accessible documentation</title>

    <para>
     Most users will expect some basic amount of documentation to be
     easily available from the command line. For few programs should
     this type of documentation extend for more than one screen (24 or
     25 lines) but it should cover the basic usage, a brief (one or
     two sentence) description of the program, a list of the commands
     with explanations, as well as all the major options (also with
     explanations), plus a pointer to more in-depth documentation for
     those who need it. The command line documentation for Debian's
     apt-get serves as an excellent example and a useful model:
    </para>

    <screen>
apt 0.3.19 for i386 compiled on May 12 2000  21:17:27
Usage: apt-get [options] command
       apt-get [options] install pkg1 [pkg2 ...]

apt-get is a simple command line interface for downloading and
installing packages. The most frequently used commands are update
and install.

Commands:
   update - Retrieve new lists of packages
   upgrade - Perform an upgrade
   install - Install new packages (pkg is libc6 not libc6.deb)
   remove - Remove packages
   source - Download source archives
   dist-upgrade - Distribution upgrade, see apt-get(8)
   dselect-upgrade - Follow dselect selections
   clean - Erase downloaded archive files
   autoclean - Erase old downloaded archive files
   check - Verify that there are no broken dependencies

Options:
  -h  This help text.
  -q  Loggable output - no progress indicator
  -qq No output except for errors
  -d  Download only - do NOT install or unpack archives
  -s  No-act. Perform ordering simulation
  -y  Assume Yes to all queries and do not prompt
  -f  Attempt to continue if the integrity check fails
  -m  Attempt to continue if archives are unlocatable
  -u  Show a list of upgraded packages as well
  -b  Build the source package after fetching it
  -c=? Read this configuration file
  -o=? Set an arbitary configuration option, eg -o dir::cache=/tmp
See the apt-get(8), sources.list(5) and apt.conf(5) manual
pages for more information and options.
    </screen>

    <para>
     It has become a GNU convention to make this type of information
     accessible with the <quote>-h</quote> and the
     <quote>--help</quote> options. Most GNU/Linux users will expect
     to be able to retrieve basic documentation these ways so if you
     choose to use different methods, be prepared for the flames and
     fallout that may result.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Files users will expect</title>
    <para>
     In addition to man pages and command-line help, there are certain
     files where people will look for documentation, especially in any
     package containing source code. In a source distribution, most of
     these files can be stored in the root directory of the source
     distribution or in a subdirectory of the root called
     <quote>doc</quote> or <quote>Documentation.</quote> Common files
     in these places include:
    </para>

    <para>
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>README or Readme</term>

       <listitem>
        <para>A document containing all the basic installation,
        compilation, and even basic use instructions that make up the
        bare minimum information needed to get the program up and
        running. A README is not your chance to be verbose but should
        be concise and effective. An ideal README is at least 30 lines
        long and more no more than 250.</para>
       </listitem>

      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>INSTALL or Install</term>

       <listitem>
        <para>The INSTALL file should be much shorter than the README
        file and should quickly and concisely describe how to build
        and install the program. Usually an INSTALL file simply
        instructs the user to run <quote>./configure; make; make
        install</quote> and touches on any unusual options or actions
        that may be necessary. For most relatively standard install
        procedures and for most programs, INSTALL files are as short
        as possible and are rarely over 100 lines.</para>
       </listitem>

      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>CHANGELOG, Changelog, ChangeLog, or changelog</term>

       <listitem>
        <para>A CHANGELOG is a simple file that every well-managed
        free software project should include. A CHANGELOG is simple
        the file that, as its name implies, logs or documents the
        changes you make to your program. The most simple way to
        maintain a CHANGELOG is to simply keep a file with the source
        code for your program and add a section to the top of the
        CHANGELOG with each release describing what has been changed,
        fixed, or added to the program. It's a good idea to post the
        CHANGELOG onto the website as well because it can help people
        decide whether they want or need to upgrade to a newer version
        or wait for a more significant improvement.</para>
       </listitem>

      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term>NEWS</term>

       <listitem>
        <para>A NEWS file and a ChangeLog are similar. Unlike a
        CHANGELOG, a NEWS file is not typically updated with new
        versions. Whenever new features are added, the developer
        responisble will make a note in the NEWS file. NEWS files
        should not have to be changed before a release (they should be
        kept up to date all along) but it's usually a good idea to
        check first anyway because often developers just forget to
        keep them as current as they should.</para>
       </listitem>

      </varlistentry>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><acronym>FAQ</acronym></term>

       <listitem>
        <para>For those of you that don't already know,
        <acronym>FAQ</acronym> stands for Frequently Asked Questions
        and a FAQ is a collection of exactly that. FAQs are not
        difficult to make. Simply make a policy that if you are asked
        a question or see a question on a mailing list two or more
        times, add the question (and its answer) to your FAQ. FAQs are
        more optional than the files listed above but they can save
        your time, increase usability, and decrease headaches on all
        sides.</para>
       </listitem>

      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Website</title> 
    <para>
     It's only indirectly an issue of documentation but a good website
     is quickly becoming an essential part of any free software
     project. Your website should provide access to your documentation
     (in <acronym>HTML</acronym> if possible). It should also include
     a section for news and events around your program and a section
     that details the process of getting involved with development or
     testing and make an open invitation. It should also supply links
     to any mailing lists, similar websites, and provide a direct link
     to all the available ways of downloading your software.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Other documentation hints</title>

    <para>
     All your documentation should be in plaintext, or, in cases where
     it is on your website primarily, in HTML. Everyone can cat a
     file, everyone has a pager, (almost) everyone can render
     HTML. <emphasis>You are welcome to distribute information in PDF,
     PostScript, RTF, or any number of other widely used formats but
     this information must also be available in plaintext or HTML or
     people will be very angry at you.</emphasis>
    </para>

    <para>
     It doesn't hurt to distribute any documentation for your program
     from your website (FAQs etc) with your program. Don't hesitate to
     throw any of this in the program's tarball. If people don't need
     it, they will delete it. I can repeat it over and over:
     <emphasis>Too much documentation is not a sin.</emphasis>
    </para>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: presentation -->

  <sect2 id="presentation">
   <title>Other Presentation Issues</title>
   <para>
    Many of the remaining issues surrounding the creation of a new
    free software program fall under what most people describe as
    common sense issues. Its often said that software engineering is
    90 percent common sense combined with 10 percent specialized
    knowledge. Still, they are worth noting briefly in hopes that they
    may remind a developer of something they may have forgotten.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Package formats</title>
    <para>
     Package formats may differ depending on the system you are
     developing for. For windows based software, Zip archives (.zip)
     usually serve as the package format of choice. If you are
     developing for GNU/Linux, *BSD, or any UN*X, make sure that your
     source code is always available in tar'ed and gzip'ed format
     (.tar.gz). UNIX compress (.Z) has gone out of style and
     usefulness and faster computers have brought bzip2 (.bz2) into
     the spot-light as a more effective compression medium. I now make
     all my releases available in both gzip'ed and bzip2'ed tarballs.
    </para>

    <para>
     Binary packages should always be distribution specific. If you
     can build binary packages against a current version of a major
     distribution, you will only make your users happy. Try to foster
     relationships with users or developers of large distributions to
     develop a system for the consistent creation of binary
     packages. It's often a good idea to provide RedHat
     <acronym>RPM</acronym>'s (.rpm), Debian deb's (.deb) and source
     <acronym>RPM</acronym>'s <acronym>SRPM</acronym>'s if
     possible. Remember: <emphasis>While these binaries packages are
     nice, getting the source packaged and released should always be
     your priority. Your users or fellow developers can and will do
     the the binary packages for you.</emphasis>
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Version control systems</title>

    <para>
     A version control system can make a lot of these problems of
     packaging (and a lot of other problems mentioned in this HOWTO)
     less problematic. If you are using *NIX, CVS is your best bet. I
     recommend Karl Fogel's book on the subject (and the <ulink
     url="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com/">posted HTML version</ulink>)
     wholeheartedly.
    </para>

    <para>
     CVS or not, you should probably invest some time into learning
     about a version control system because it provides an automated
     way of solving many of the problems described by this HOWTO.  I
     am not aware of any free version control systems for Windows or
     MacOS but I know that CVS clients exist for both
     platforms. Websites like <ulink
     url="http://sourceforge.net">SourceForge</ulink> do a great job
     as well with a nice, easy-to-use web interface to CVS.
    </para>

    <para>
     I'd love to devote more space in this HOWTO to CVS because I love
     it (I even use CVS to keep versions straight on this HOWTO!) but
     I think it falls outside the scope of this document and should have
     (already has) its own HOWTO.
    </para>

   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Useful tidbits and presentation hints</title>

    <para>
     Other useful hints include:
    </para>

    <para>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <emphasis>Make sure that your program can always be found in a
        single location.</emphasis> Often this means that you have a
        single directory accessible via <acronym>FTP</acronym> or the
        web where the newest version can be quickly recognized. One
        effective technique is a provide a symlink called
        <quote>yourprojectname-latest</quote> that is always pointing
        to the most recent released or development version of your
        free software application. Keep in mind that this location
        will recieve many requests for downloads around releases so
        make sure that the server you choose has adequate bandwidth.
       </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>
        <emphasis>Make sure that there is a consistent email address
        for bug reports.</emphasis> It's usually a good idea to make
        this something that is NOT your primary email address like
        yourprojectname@host or yourprojectname-bugs@host. This way,
        if you ever decide to hand over maintainership or if your
        email address changes, you simply need to change where this
        email address forwards. It also will allow for more than one
        person to deal with the influx of mail that is created if your
        project becomes as huge as you hope it will.
       </para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </para>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

<!-- Section1: starting: END -->

<!-- Section1: developers -->

 <sect1 id="developers">
  <title>Maintaining a Project: Interacting with Developers</title>
  <indexterm>
   <primary>fswd!developers</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   Once you have gotten your project started, you have overcome the
   most difficult hurdles in the development process of your
   program. Laying a firm foundation is essential, but the development
   process itself is equally important and provides just as many
   opportunities for failure. In the next two sections, I will
   describe running a project by discussing how to maintain a
   development effort through interactions with developers and with
   users.
  </para>

  <para>
   In releasing your program, your program becomes free software. This
   transition is more than just a larger user base. By releasing your
   program as free software, <emphasis>your</emphasis> software
   becomes the <emphasis>free software community's</emphasis>
   software. The direction of your software's development will be
   reshaped, redirected, and fully determined by your users and, to a
   larger extent, by other developers in the community.
  </para>

  <para>
   The major difference between free software development and
   propriety software development is the developer base. As the leader
   of a free software project, you need to attract and keep developers
   in a way that leaders of proprietary software projects simply don't
   have to worry about. <emphasis>As the person leading development of
   a free software project, you must harness the work of fellow
   developers by making responsible decisions and by responsibly
   choosing not to make decisions. You have to direct developers
   without being overbearing or bossy. You need to strive to earn
   respect and never forget to give it out.</emphasis>
  </para>

<!-- Section2: delegation  -->

  <sect2 id="delegation">
   <title>Delegating Work</title>

   <para>
    By now, you've hypothetically followed me through the early
    programming of a piece of software, the creation of a website and
    system of documentation, and we've gone ahead and (as will be
    discussed in <xref linkend="releasing">) released it to the rest
    of the world. Times passes, and if things go well, people become
    interested and want to help. The patches begin flowing in.
   </para>

   <para>
    <emphasis>Like the parent of any child who grows up, it's now time
    to wince, smile and do most difficult thing in any parents
    life: It's time to let go.</emphasis>
   </para>

   <para>
    Delegation is the political way of describing this process of
    <quote>letting go.</quote> It is the process of handing some of
    the responsibility and power over your project to other
    responsible and involved developers. It is difficult for anyone
    who has invested a large deal of time and energy into a project
    but it essential for the growth of any free software project. One
    person can only do so much. A free software project is nothing
    without the involvement of <emphasis>a group</emphasis> of
    developers. A group of developers can only be maintained through
    respectful and responsible leadership and delegation.
   </para>

   <para>
    As your project progresses, you will notice people who are putting
    significant amounts of time and effort into your project. These
    will be the people submitting the most patches, posting most on
    the mailing lists, and engaging in long email discussions. It is
    your responsibility to contact these people and to try and shift
    some of the power and responsibility of your position as the
    project's maintainer onto them (if they want it). There are
    several easy ways you can do this:
   </para>

   <para>
    In a bit of a disclaimer, delegation need not mean rule by
    comittee. In many cases it does and this has been proven to
    work. In other cases this has created problems. <ulink
    url="http://news.linuxprogramming.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-10-31-001-05-CD">Managing
    Projects the Open Source Way</ulink> argues that <quote>OSS
    projects do best when one person is the clear leader of a team and
    makes the big decisions (design changes, release dates, and so
    on).</quote> I think this often true but would urge developers to
    consider the ideas that the project leader need not be the
    project's founder and that these important powers need not all rest
    with one person but that a release manager may be different than a
    lead developer. These situations are tricky politically so
    be careful and make sure it's necessary before you go around
    empowering people.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>How to delegate</title>
 
    <para>
     You may find that other developers seem even more experienced or
     knowledgeable than you. Your job as a maintainer does not mean
     you have to be the best or the brightest. It means you
     are responsible for showing good judgment and for
     recognizing which solutions are maintainable and which are not. 
    </para>
    <para>
     Like anything, its easier to watch others delegate than to do it
     yourself. In a sentence: <emphasis>Keep an eye out for other
     qualified developers who show an interest and sustained
     involvement with your project and try and shift responsibility
     towards them.</emphasis> The following ideas might be good places
     to start or good sources of inspiration:
    </para>
 
    <sect4>
     <title>Allow a larger group of people to have write access to your CVS
     repository and make real efforts towards rule by a
     committee</title>

     <para>
      <ulink url="http://httpd.apache.org/">Apache</ulink> is an
      example of a project that is run by small group of developers
      who vote on major technical issues and the admission of new
      members and all have write access to the main source
      repository. Their process is detailed <ulink
      url="http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html">online.</ulink>
     </para>

     <para>
      The <ulink url="http://www.debian.org/"> Debian Project</ulink>
      is an extreme example of rule by committee. At current count,
      more than 700 developers have full responsibility for
      aspects of the project. All these developers can upload into
      the main FTP server, and vote on major issues. Direction for
      the project is determined by the project's <ulink
      url="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">social
      contract</ulink> and a <ulink
      url="http://www.debian.org/devel/constitution">constitution</ulink>. To
      facilitate this system, there are special teams (i.e. the
      install team, the Japanese language team) as well as a technical
      committee and a project leader. The leader's main responsibility
      is to, <quote>appoint delegates or delegate decisions to the
      Technical Committee.</quote>
     </para>

     <para>
      While both of these projects operate on a scale that your
      project will not (at least initially), their example is
      helpful. Debian's idea of a project leader who can do
      <emphasis>nothing</emphasis> but delegate serves as a
      caricature of how a project can involve and empower a huge
      number of developers and grow to a huge size.
     </para>

    </sect4>

    <sect4 id="releasemanager">
     <title>Publicly appoint someone as the release manager for a
       specific release</title>

     <para>
      A release manager is usually responsible for coordinating
      testing, enforcing a code freeze, being responsible for
      stability and quality control, packaging up the software, and
      placing it in the appropriate places to be downloaded.
     </para>

     <para>
      This use of the release manager is a good way to give yourself a
      break and to shift the responsibility for accepting and
      rejecting patches onto someone else. It is a good way of very
      clearly defining a chunk of work on the project as belonging to
      a certain person and its a great way of giving yourself room to
      breath.
     </para>
    </sect4>

    <sect4 id="delegatebranch">
     <title>Delegate control of an entire branch</title>
     <para>
      If your project chooses to have branches (as described in <xref
      linkend="branches">), it might be a good idea to appoint someone
      else to be the the head of a branch. If you like focusing your
      energy on development releases and the implementation of new
      features, hand total control over the stable releases to a
      well-suited developer.
     </para>

     <para>
      The author of Linux, Linus Torvalds, came out and crowned Alan
      Cox as <quote>the man for stable kernels.</quote> All patches
      for stable kernels go to Alan and, if Linus were to be taken
      away from work on Linux for any reason, Alan Cox would be more
      than suited to fill his role as the acknowledged heir to the
      Linux maintainership.
     </para>
    </sect4>
   </sect3> 
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: patching -->

  <sect2 id="patching">
   <title>Accepting and Rejecting Patches</title>
   <para>
    This HOWTO has already touched on the fact that as the maintainer
    of a free software project, one of your primary and most important
    responsibilities will be accepting and rejecting patches submitted
    to you by other developers.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Technical judgment</title>

    <para>
     In <emphasis>Open Source Development with CVS</emphasis>, Karl
     Fogel makes a convincing argument that the most important things
     to keep in mind when rejecting or accepting patches are:
    </para>

    <para>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>A firm knowledge of the scope of your program (that's the
       <quote>idea</quote> I talked about in <xref linkend="chooseproject">);</para>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
       <para>The ability to recognize, facilitate, and direct
       <quote>evolution</quote> of your program so that the program
       can grow and change and incorporate functionality that was
       originally unforeseen;</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>The necessity to avoid digressions that might expand the
       scope of the program too much and result and push the project
       towards an early death under its own weight and
       unwieldiness.</para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <para>
     These are the criteria that you as a project maintainer should
     take into account each time you receive a patch.
    </para>

    <para>
     Fogel elaborates on this and states the <quote>the
     questions to ask yourself when considering whether to implement
     (or approve) a change are:</quote>
    </para>

    <para>
     <itemizedlist>

      <listitem>
       <para>Will it benefit a significant percentage of the program's
       user community?</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>Does it fit within the program's domain or within a
       natural, intuitive extension of that domain?</para>
      </listitem>

     </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <para>
     The answers to these questions are never straightforward and its
     very possible (and even likely) that the person who submitted the
     patch may feel differently about the answer to these questions
     than you do. However, if you feel that that the answer to either
     of those questions is <quote>no,</quote> it is your responsibility
     to reject the change. If you fail to do this, the project will
     become unwieldy and unmaintainable and many ultimately fail.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Rejecting patches</title>

    <para>
     Rejecting patches is probably the most difficult and sensitive
     job that the maintainer of any free software project has to
     face. But sometimes it has to be done. I mentioned earlier (in
     <xref linkend="developers"> and in <xref linkend="delegation">)
     that you need to try and balance your responsibility and power to
     make what you think are the best technical decisions with the
     fact that you will lose support from other developers if you seem
     like you are on a power trip or being overly bossy or possessive
     of the community's project. I recommend that you keep these three
     major concepts in mind when rejecting patches (or other changes):
    </para>

    <sect4>
     <title>Bring it to the community</title>
     <para>
      One of the best ways of justifying a decision to reject a patch
      and working to not seem like you keep an iron grip on your
      project is by not making the decision alone at all. It might
      make sense to turn over larger proposed changes or more
      difficult decisions to a development mailing list where they can
      be discussed and debated. There will be some patches (bug fixes,
      etc.) which will definitely be accepted and some that you feel
      are so offbase that they do not even merit further
      discussion. It is those that fall into the grey area between
      these two groups that might merit a quick forward to a mailing
      list.
     </para>

     <para>
      I recommend this process wholeheartedly. As the project
      maintainer you are worried about making the best decision for
      the project, for the project's users and developers, and for
      yourself as a responsible project leader. Turning things over to
      an email list will demonstrate your own responsibility and
      responsive leadership as it tests and serves the interests of
      your software's community.
     </para>
    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Technical issues are not always good justification</title>
     <para>
      Especially towards the beginning of your project's life, you
      will find that many changes are difficult to implement,
      introduce new bugs, or have other technical problems. Try to see
      past these. Especially with added functionality, good ideas do
      not always come from good programmers. Technical merit is a
      valid reason to postpone an application of a patch but it is not
      always a good reason to reject a change outright. Even small
      changes are worth the effort of working with the developer
      submitting the patch to iron out bugs and incorporate the change
      if you think it seems like a good addition to your project. The
      effort on your part will work to make your project a community
      project and it will pull a new or less experienced developer
      into your project and even teach them something that might help
      them in making their next patch.
     </para>
    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Common courtesy</title>
     <para>
      It should go without saying but, <emphasis>above all and in all
      cases, just be nice.</emphasis> If someone has an idea and cares
      about it enough to write some code and submit a patch, they
      care, they are motivated, and they are already involved. Your
      goal as the maintainer is make sure they submit again. They may
      have thrown you a dud this time but next time may be the idea or
      feature that revolutionizes your project. 
     </para>

     <para>
      It is your responsibility to first justify your choice to not
      incorporate their change clearly and concisely. Then thank
      them. Let them know that you a appreciate their help and feel
      horrible that you can't incorporate their change. Let them know
      that you look forward to their staying involved and you hope
      that the next patch or idea meshes better with your project
      because you appreciate their work and want to see it in your
      application. If you have ever had a patch rejected after putting
      a large deal of time, thought, and energy into it, you remember
      how it feels and it feels bad. Keep this in mind when you have
      to let someone down. It's never easy but you need to do
      everything you can to make it as not-unpleasant as possible.
     </para>
    </sect4>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: branches  -->

  <sect2 id="branches">
   <title>Stable and Development Branches</title>

   <para>
    The idea of stable and development branches has already been
    described briefly in <xref linkend="chooseversioning"> and in
    <xref linkend="delegatebranch">. These allusions attest to some of
    the ways that multiple branches can affect your software. Branches
    can let you avoid (to some extent) some of the problems around
    rejecting patches (as described in <xref linkend="patching">) by
    allowing you to temporarily compromise the stability of your
    project without affecting those users who need that stability.
   </para>

   <para>
    The most common way of branching your project is to have one
    branch that is stable and one that is for development. This is the
    model followed by the Linux kernel that is described in <xref
    linkend="chooseversioning">. In this model, there is
    <emphasis>always</emphasis> one branch that is stable and always
    one that is in development. Before any new release, the
    development branch goes into a <quote>feature freeze</quote> as
    described in <xref linkend="freezing"> where major changes and
    added features are rejected or put on hold under the development
    kernel is released as the new stable branch and major development
    resumes on the development branch. Bug fixes and small changes
    that are unlikely to have any large negative repercussions are
    incorporated into the stable branch as well as the development
    branch.
   </para>

   <para>
    Linux's model provides an extreme example. On many projects, there is no
    need to have two versions constantly available. It may make sense to
    have two versions only near a release. The Debian project has
    historically made both a stable and an unstable distribution
    available but has expanded to this to include: stable, unstable,
    testing, experimental, and (around release time) a frozen
    distribution that only incorporates bug fixes during the
    transition from unstable to stable. There are few projects whose
    size would necessitate a system like Debian's but this use of
    branches helps demonstrate how they can be used to balance
    consistent and effective development with the need to make regular
    and usable releases.
   </para>

   <para>
    In trying to set up a development tree for yourself, there are
    several things that might be useful to keep in mind:
   </para>

   <para>
    <variablelist>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Minimize the number of branches</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>Debian may be able to make good use of four or five
       branches but it contains gigabytes of software in over 5000
       packages compiled for 5-6 different architectures. For you,
       two is probably a good ceiling. Too many branches will confuse
       your users (I can't count how many times I had to describe
       Debian's system when it only had 2 and sometimes 3 branches!),
       potential developers and even yourself. Branches can help but
       they come at a cost so use them very sparingly.</para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Make sure that all your different branches are explained</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>As I mentioned in the preceding paragraph, different
       branches <emphasis>will</emphasis> confuse your users. Do
       everything you can to avoid this by clearly explaining the
       different branches in a prominent page on your website and in a
       README file in the <acronym>FTP</acronym> or
       web directory.</para>

       <para>
        I might also recommend against a mistake that I think Debian
        has made. The terms <quote>unstable,</quote>
        <quote>testing,</quote> and <quote>experimental</quote> are
        vague and difficult to rank in order of stability (or
        instability as the case may be). Try explaining to someone
        that <quote>stable</quote> actually means <quote>ultra
        stable</quote> and that <quote>unstable</quote> doesn't
        actually include any unstable software but is really stable
        software that is untested as a distribution.
       </para>

       <para>
        If you are going to use branches, especially early on, keep in
        mind that people are conditioned to understand the terms
        <quote>stable</quote> and <quote>development</quote> and you
        probably can't go wrong with this simple and common division of
        branches.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

     <varlistentry>
      <term>Make sure all your branches are always available</term>
      <listitem>
       <para>Like a lot of this document, this should probably should
       go without saying but experience has taught me that it's not
       always obvious to people. It's a good idea to physically split
       up different branches into different directories or directory
       trees on your <acronym>FTP</acronym> or web site. Linux
       accomplishes this by having kernels in a v2.2 and a v2.3
       subdirectory where it is immediately obvious (after you know
       their version numbering scheme) which directory is for the most
       recent stable and the current development releases. Debian
       accomplishes this by naming all their distribution with names
       (i.e. woody, potato, etc.) and then changing symlinks named
       <quote>stable,</quote> <quote>unstable</quote> and
       <quote>frozen</quote> to point to which ever distribution (by
       name) is in whatever stage. Both methods work and there are
       others. In any case, it is important that different branches
       are always available, are accessible from consistent locations,
       and that different branches are clearly distinguished from each
       other so your users know exactly what they want and where to
       get it.</para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>
   </para>

  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: otherdev -->

  <sect2 id="otherdev">
   <title>Other Project Management issues</title>
   <para>
    There are more issues surrounding interaction with developers in a
    free software project that I can not touch on in great detail in a
    HOWTO of this size and scope. Please don't hesitate to contact me if you see
    any major omissions.
   </para>

   <para>
     Other smaller issues that are worth mentioning are:
   </para>

   <sect3 id="freezing">
    <title>Freezing</title>
    <para>
     For those projects that choose to adopt a split development model
     (<xref linkend="branches">), freezing is a concept that is worth
     becoming familiar with. 
    </para>

    <para>
     Freezes come in two major forms. A <quote>feature freeze</quote>
     is a period when no significant functionality is added to a
     program. It is a period where established functionality (even
     skeletons of barely working functionality) can be improved and
     perfected. It is a period where bugs are fixed. This type of
     freeze is usually applied some period (a month or two) before a
     release. It is easy to push a release back as you wait for
     <quote>one more feature</quote> and a freeze helps to avoid this
     situation by drawing the much needed line in the sand. It gives
     developers room they need to get a program ready for release.
    </para>

    <para>
     The second type of freeze is a <quote>code freeze</quote> which
     is much more like a released piece of software. Once a piece of
     software has entered a <quote>code freeze,</quote> all changes to
     the code are discouraged and only changes that fix known bugs
     are permitted. This type of freeze usually follows a
     <quote>feature freeze</quote> and directly precedes a
     release. Most released software is in what could be interpreted
     as a sort of high level <quote>code freeze.</quote>
    </para>

    <para>
     Even if you never choose to appoint a release manager (<xref
     linkend="releasemanager">), you will have an easier time
     justifying the rejection or postponement of patches (<xref
     linkend="patching">) before a release with a publicly stated
     freeze in effect.
    </para>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>

   <sect2>
    <title>Forks</title>
    <para>
     I wasn't sure about how I would deal with forking in this
     document (or if I would deal with forking at all). A fork is when
     a group of developers takes code from a free software project and
     actually starts a brand new free software project with it. The
     most famous example of a fork was between Emacs and XEmacs. Both
     emacsen are based on an identical code-base but for technical,
     political, and philosophical reasons, development was split into
     two projects which now compete with each other.
    </para>

    <para>
     The short version of the fork section is, <emphasis>don't do
     them.</emphasis> Forks force developers to choose one project to
     work with, cause nasty political divisions, and redundancy of
     work.  Luckily, usually the threat of the fork is enough to scare
     the maintainer or maintainers of a project into changing the way
     they run their project.
    </para>

    <para>
     In his chapter on <quote>The Open Source Process,</quote> Karl
     Fogel describes how to do a fork if you absolutely must. If you
     have determined that is absolutely necessary and that the
     differences between you and the people threatening to fork are
     absolutely unresolvable, I recommend Fogel's book as a good place
     to start.
    </para>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>

<!-- Section1: users -->

 <sect1 id="users">
  <title>Maintaining a Project: Interacting with Users</title>
  <indexterm>
   <primary>fswd!users</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   If you've worked your way up to here, congratulations, you are
   nearing the end of this document. This final section describes some
   of the situations in which you, in your capacity as project
   maintainer, will be interacting with users. It gives some
   suggestions on how these situations might be handled effectively.
  </para>

  <para>
   Interacting with users is difficult. In our discussion of
   interaction with developers, the underlying assumption is that in a
   free software project, a project maintainer must constantly strive to
   attract and keep developers who can easily leave at any time.
  </para>

  <para>
   Users in the free software community are different than developers
   and are also different than users in the world of proprietary
   software and they should be treated differently than either
   group. Some ways in which the groups differ significantly follow:
  </para>

  <para>
   <itemizedlist>

    <listitem>
     <para>The lines between users and developers are blurred in ways
     that is totally foreign to any proprietary development
     model. Your users are often your developers and vice
     versa.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>In the free software world, you are often your users' only
     choice. Because there is such an emphasis on not replicating the
     work of others in the free software community and because the
     element of competition present in the propriety software model is
     absent (or at least in an extremely different form) in the free
     software development model, you will probably be the only project
     that does what you do (or at least the only one that does what
     you do in the way that you do it). This means your responsiveness
     to your users is even more important than in the proprietary
     software world.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
     <para>In an almost paradoxical situation, free software projects
     have less immediate or dire consequences for ignoring their users
     altogether. It is also often easier to do. Because you don't
     usually need to compete with another product, chances are good
     that you will not be scrambling to gain the features of your
     competitor's newest program. This means that your development
     process will have to be directed either internally, by a
     commitment to your users, or through both.</para>
    </listitem>
   </itemizedlist>
  </para>

  <para>
   Trying to tackle this unique situation can only be done
   indirectly. Developers and maintainers need to listen to users and
   to try and be as responsive as possible. A solid knowledge of the
   situation recounted above is any free software developer's best tool
   for shifting his development or leadership style to fit the unique
   process of free software project management. This chapters will try and
   introduce some of the more difficult or important points in any
   projects interactions with users and give some hints on how to
   tackle these.
  </para>

<!-- Section2: testing -->

  <sect2 id="testing">
   <title>Testing and Testers</title>

   <para>
    In addition to your users being your developers, they are also
    (and perhaps more commonly) your testers. Before I get flamed, I
    should rephrase my sentence: <emphasis>some of your
    users</emphasis> (those who explicityly volunteer) are your
    testers.
   </para>

   <para>
    It is important that this distinction be made early on because not
    all of your users want to be testers. Many users want to use
    stable software and don't care if they don't have the newest,
    greatest software with the latest, greatest features. These users
    except a stable, tested piece of software without major or obvious
    bugs and will be angry if they find themselves testing. This is
    yet another way in which a split development model (as mentioned
    in <xref linkend="branches">) might come in handy.
   </para>

   <para>
     <quote><ulink
     url="http://news.linuxprogramming.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-10-31-001-05-CD">Managing
     Projects the Open Source Way</ulink></quote> describes what a
     good test should look for:
   </para>

   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Boundary conditions</term>

     <listitem>
      <para>Maximum buffer lengths, data conversions, upper/lower
      boundary limits, and so on.</para>
     </listitem>

    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Inappropriate behavior</term>

     <listitem>
      <para>Its a good idea to find out what a program will do if a
      user hands it a value it isn't expecting, hits the wrong button,
      etc. Ask yourself a bunch of <quote>what if</quote> questions
      and think of anything that <emphasis>might</emphasis> fail or
      <emphasis>might</emphasis> go wrong and find out what your
      program would do in those cases.</para>
     </listitem>

    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term>Graceful failure</term>

     <listitem>
      <para>The answer to a number of the <quote>what if</quote>
      questions above is probably <quote>failure</quote> which is
      often the only answer. Now make sure that it happens
      nicely. Make sure that when it crashes, there is some indication
      of why it crashed or failed so that the user or developer
      understands whats going on.</para>
     </listitem>

    </varlistentry>

    <varlistentry>
     <term>Standards conformance</term>

     <listitem>
      <para>If possible, make sure your programs conforms to
      standards. If it's interactive, don't be too creative with
      interfaces. If it is non-interactive, make sure it communicates
      over appropriate and established channels with other programs
      and with the rest of the system.</para>
     </listitem>

    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>

   <sect3>
    <title>Automated testing</title>
    <para>
     For many programs, many common mistakes can be caught by
     automated means. Automated tests tend to be pretty good at
     catching errors that you've run into several times before or
     the things you just forget. They are not very good at finding
     errors, even major ones, that are totally unforeseen.
    </para>

    <para>
     CVS comes with a bourne shell script called sanity.sh that is
     worth looking at. Debian uses a program called lintian that
     checks Debian packages for all of the most common errors. While
     use of these scripts may not be helpful, there is a host of other
     sanity checking software on the net that may be applicable (feel
     free to email me any recommendations). None of these will create
     a bug-free release but they will avoid at least some major
     oversights. Finally, if your programs become a long term
     endeavor, you will find that there are certain errors that you
     tend to make over and over. Start a collection of scripts that
     check for these errors to help keep them out of future releases.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Testing by testers</title>
    <para>
     For any program that depends on user interactivity, many bugs
     will only be uncovered through testing by users actually clicking
     the keys and pressing the mouse buttons. For this you need
     testers and as many as possible.
    </para>

    <para>
     The most difficult part of testing is finding testers. It's
     usually a good tactic to post a message to a relevant mailing
     list or news group announcing a specific proposed release date
     and outlining the functionality of your program. If you put some
     time into the announcement, you are sure to get a few responses.
    </para>

    <para>
     The second most difficult part of testing is
     <emphasis>keeping</emphasis> your testers and keeping them
     actively involved in the testing process. Fortunately, there are
     some tried and true tactics that can applied towards this end:
    </para>

    <para>
     <variablelist>

      <varlistentry>
       <term>Make things simple for your testers</term>
       <listitem>
        <para>Your testers are doing you a favor so make it as easy as
        possible for them. This means that you should be careful to
        package your software in a way that is easy to find, unpack,
        install, and uninstall. This also means you should explain
        what you are looking for to each tester and make the means for
        reporting bugs simple and well established. The key is to
        provide as much structure as possible to make your testers'
        jobs easy and to maintain as much flexibility as possible for
        those that want to do things a little differently.</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term>Be responsive to your testers</term>
       <listitem>
        <para>When your testers submit bugs, respond to them and
        respond quickly. Even if you are only responding to tell them
        that the bug has already been fixed, quick and consistent
        responses make them feel like their work is heard, important,
        and appreciated.</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term>Thank your testers</term>
       <listitem>
        <para>Thank them personally each time they send you
        patch. Thank them publicly in the documentation and the about
        section of your program. You appreciate your testers and your
        program would not be possible without their help. Make sure
        they know it. Publicly, pat them on the back to make sure the rest of
        the world knows it too. It will be appreciated more than you
        expected.</para>
       </listitem>

      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>
    </para>

   </sect3>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: support  -->

  <sect2 id="support">
   <title>Setting up Support Infrastructure</title>

   <para>
    While testing is important, the large part of your interactions
    and responsibility to your users falls under the category of
    support. The best way to make sure your users are adequately
    supported in using your program is to set up a good infrastructure
    for this purpose so that your developers and users help each other
    and less of the burden falls on you. This way, people will also
    get quicker and better responses to their questions. This
    infrastructure comes in several major forms:
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Documentation</title>
    <para>
     It should not come as any surprise that the key element to any
     support infrastructure is good documentation. This topic was
     largely covered in <xref linkend="documentation"> and will not be
     repeated here.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Mailing lists</title>
    <para>
     Aside from documentation, effective mailing lists will be your
     greatest tool in providing user support. Running a mailing list
     well is more complicated than installing mailing list software
     onto a machine.
    </para>

    <sect4>
     <title>Separate lists</title>
     
     <para>
      A good idea is too separate your user and development mailing
      lists (perhaps into project-user@host and project-devel@host)
      and enforce the division. If people post a development question
      onto -user, politely ask them to repost it onto -devel and vise
      versa. Subscribe yourself to both groups and encourage all
      primarily developers to do the same.
     </para>

     <para>
      This system provides so that no one person is stuck doing all of
      the support work and works so that users learn more about the
      program, they can help newer users with their questions.
     </para>
    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Choose mailing list software well</title>
     <para>
      Please don't make the selection of mailing list software
      impulsively. Please consider easy accessibility by users without
      a lot of technical experience so you want to be as easy as
      possible. Web accessibility to an archive of the list is also
      important.
     </para>

     <para>
      The two biggest free software mailing list programs are <ulink
      url="http://www.greatcircle.com/majordomo/">majordomo</ulink>
      and <ulink url="http://www.list.org/">GNU Mailman</ulink>. A
      long time advocate of majordomo, I would now recommend any
      project choose GNU Mailman. It fulfills the criteria listed
      above and makes it easier. It provides a good mailing
      list program for a free software project maintainer as opposed
      to a good mailing list application for a mailing list
      administrator.
     </para>

     <para>
      There are other things you want to take into consideration in
      setting up your list. If it is possible to gate your mailing
      lists to USENET and provide it in digest form as well as
      making them accessible on the web, you will please some users
      and work to make the support infrastructure slightly more
      accessible.
     </para>
    </sect4>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>Other support ideas</title>

    <para>
     A mailing list and accessible documentation are far from all you
     can do to set up good user support infrastructure. Be
     creative. If you stumble across something that works well, email me
     and I'll include it here.
    </para>

    <sect4>
     <title>Make your self accessible</title>
     <para>
      You can not list too few methods to reach you. If you hang out
      in an <acronym>IRC</acronym> channel, don't hesitate to list it
      in your projects documentation. List email and snailmail
      addresses, and ways to reach you via <acronym>ICQ</acronym>,
      <acronym>AIM</acronym>, or Jabber if they apply.
    </para>
    </sect4>

    <sect4>
     <title>Bug management software</title>
     <para>
      For many large software projects, use of bug management software
      is essential to keep track of which bugs have been fixed, which
      bugs have not been fixed, and which bugs are being fixed by
      which people. Debian uses the <ulink
      url="http://bugs.debian.org">Debian Bug Tracking System</ulink>
      (<acronym>BTS</acronym>) although it may not be best choice for
      every project (it seems to currently be buckling under its own
      weight) As well as a damn good web browser, the mozilla project
      has spawned a sub-project resulting in a bug tracking system
      called <ulink
      url="http://www.mozilla.org/projects/bugzilla/">bugzilla</ulink>
      which has become extremely possible and which I like a lot.
     </para>

     <para>
      These systems (and others like them) can be unwieldy so
      developers should be careful to not spend more time on the bug
      tracking system than on the bugs or the projects themselves. If
      a project continues to grow, use of a bug tracking system can
      provide an easy standard avenue for users and testers to report
      bugs and for developers and maintainers to fix them and track
      them in an orderly fashion.
     </para>
    </sect4>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: releasing -->

  <sect2 id="releasing">
   <title>Releasing Your Program</title>

   <para>
    As mentioned earlier in the HOWTO, the first rule of releasing is,
    <emphasis>release something useful.</emphasis> Non-working or
    not-useful software will not attract anyone to your
    project. People will be turned off of your project and will be likely
    to simply gloss over it next time they see a new version
    announced. Half-working software, if useful, will intrigue people,
    whet their appetites for versions to come, and encourage them to
    join the development process.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>When to release</title>

    <para>
     Making the decision to release your software for the first time
     is an incredibly important and incredibly stressful decision. But
     it needs to  done. My advice is to try and make something that
     is complete enough to be usable and incomplete enough to allow
     for flexibility and room for imagination by your future
     developers. It's not an easy decision. Ask for help on a local
     Linux User Group mailing list or from a group of developer
     friends.
    </para>

    <para>
     One tactic is to first do an <quote>alpha</quote> or
     <quote>beta</quote> release as described below in <xref
     linkend="alphabeta">. However, most of the guidelines described
     above still apply.
    </para>

    <para>
     <emphasis>When you feel in your gut that it is time and you feel
     you've weighed the situation well several times, cross your
     fingers and take the plunge.</emphasis>
   </para>

    <para>
     After you've released for the first time, knowing when to release
     becomes less stressful, but just as difficult to gauge. I like
     the criteria offered by Robert Krawitz in his article, <ulink
     url="http://www.advogato.org/article/196.html"><quote>Free
     Software Project Management</quote></ulink> for maintaining a
     good release cycle. He recommends that you ask yourself,
     <quote>does this release...</quote>
    </para>

    <para>
     <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
       <para>Contain sufficient new functionality or bug fixes to be
       worth the effort.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>Be spaced sufficiently far apart to allow the user time
       to work with the latest release.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
       <para>Be sufficiently functional so that the user can get work
       done (quality).</para>
      </listitem>
     </itemizedlist>
    </para>

    <para>
     If the answer is yes to all of these questions, its probably time
     for a release. If in doubt, remember that asking for advice can't
     hurt.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>How to release</title>

    <para>
     If you've followed the guidelines described in this HOWTO up
     until this point, the mechanics of doing a release are going to
     be the easy part of releasing. If you have set up consistent
     distribution locations and the other infrastructure described in
     the preceding sections, releasing should be as simple as building
     the package, checking it once over, and uploading it into the
     appropriate place and then making your website reflect the
     change.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3 id="alphabeta">
    <title>Alpha, beta, and development releases</title>

    <para>
     When contemplating releases, it worth considering the fact that
     not every release needs to be a full numbered release. Software
     users are accustomed to pre-releases but you must be careful to
     label these releases accurately or they will cause more problems then
     they are worth.
    </para>

    <para>
     The observation is often made that many free software developers
     seem to be confused about the release cycle. <quote><ulink
     url="http://news.linuxprogramming.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-10-31-001-05-CD">Managing
     Projects the Open Source Way</ulink></quote> suggests that you memorize
     the phrase, <quote>Alpha is not Beta. Beta is not Release</quote>
     and I'd agree that tis is a probably a good idea.
    </para>

    <para>
     <variablelist>

      <varlistentry>
       <term>alpha releases</term>
       <listitem>
        <para>Alpha software is feature-complete but sometimes only
        partially functional.</para>

        <para>Alpha releases are expected to be unstable, perhaps a
        little unsafe, but definitely usable. They
        <emphasis>can</emphasis> have known bugs and kinks that have
        yet to be worked out. Before releasing an alpha, be sure to
        keep in mind that <emphasis>alpha releases are still
        releases</emphasis> and people are not going to be expecting a
        nightly build from the CVS source. An alpha should work and
        have minimal testing and bug fixing already finished.</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term>beta releases</term>
       <listitem>
        <para>Beta software is feature-complete and functional, but is
        in the testing cycle and still has a few bugs left to be
        ironed out.</para>

        <para>Beta releases are general expected to be usable and
        slightly unstable, although definitely <emphasis>not
        unsafe.</emphasis> Beta releases usually preclude a full
        release by under a month. They can contain small known bugs
        but no major ones. All major functionality should be fully
        implemented although the exact mechanics can still be worked
        out. Beta releases are great tool to whet the appetites of
        potential users by giving them a very realistic view of where
        your project is going to be in the very near future and can
        help keep interest by giving people
        <emphasis>something.</emphasis></para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term>development releases</term>
       <listitem>
        <para><quote>Development release</quote> is much a more vague
        term than <quote>alpha</quote> or <quote>beta</quote>. I
        usually choose to reserve the term for discussion of a
        development branch although there are other ways to use the
        term. So many in fact, that I feel the term has been
        cheapened. The popular window manager <ulink
        url="http://www.enlightenment.org">Enlightenment</ulink> has
        released <emphasis>nothing but</emphasis> development
        releases. Most often, the term is used to describe releases
        that are not even alpha or beta and if I were to release a
        pre-alpha version of a piece of software in order to keep
        interest in my project alive, this is probably how I would
        have to label it.</para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

     </variablelist>

    </para>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>

<!-- Section2: announcing  -->

  <sect2 id="announcing">
   <title>Announcing Your Project</title>

   <para>
    Well, you've done it. You've (at least for the purposes of this
    HOWTO) designed, built, and released your free software
    project. All that is left is for you to tell the world so they
    know to come and try it out and hopefully jump on board with
    development. If everything is in order as described above, this
    will be a quick and painless process. A quick announcement is all
    that it takes to put yourself on the free software community's
    radar screen.
   </para>

   <sect3>
    <title>Mailing lists and USENET</title>
    <para>
     Email is still the way that most people on the Internet get their
     information. Its a good idea to send a message announcing your
     program to any relevant mailing list you know of and any relevant
     USENET discussion group. Karl Fogel recommends that use you
     simple subject describing the fact that the message is an
     announcement, the name of the program, the version, and a
     half-line long description of its functionality. This way, any
     interested user or developer will be immediately attracted to
     your announcement. Fogel's example looks like:
    </para>

    <screen>Subject: ANN: aub 1.0, a program to assemble USENET binaries</screen>

    <para>
     The rest of the email should describe the programs functionality
     quickly and concisely in no more than two paragraphs and should
     provide links to the projects webpage and direct links to
     downloads for those that want to try it right away.
    </para>

    <para>
     You should repeat this announcement process consistently in the
     same locations for each subsequent release.
    </para>
   </sect3>

   <sect3>
    <title>freshmeat.net</title>
    <para>
     Mentioned earlier in <xref linkend="evalwhere">, in today's free
     software community, announcements of your project on freshmeat
     are almost more important than announcements on mailing lists.
    </para>

    <para>
     Visit the <ulink url="http://freshmeat.net">freshmeat.net
     website</ulink> or their <ulink
     url="http://freshmeat.net/add-project/">submit project
     page</ulink> to post your project onto their site and into their
     database. In addition to a large website, freshmeat provides a
     daily newsletter that highlights all the days releases and
     reaches a huge audience (I personally skim it every night for any
     interesting new releases).
    </para>
   </sect3>
  </sect2>
</sect1>

 <bibliography>

  <bibliodiv>
   <title>Printed Books</title>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Fogel</surname>
      <firstname>Karl</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title>Open Source Development with CVS</title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername>Coriolois Open Press</publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>1999</pubdate>

     <isbn>1-57610-490-7</isbn>

     <abstract>
      <para>
       Fogel's <quote>guide to using CVS in the free software
       world</quote> is much more than its subitle. In the publisher's
       own words: <quote><emphasis>Open Source Development with
       CVS</emphasis> is one of the first books available that teaches
       you development and implementation of Open Source
       software.</quote> It also includes the best reference and
       tutorial to CVS I have ever seen. It is the book that was
       <emphasis>so good</emphasis> that it prompted me to write this
       HOWTO because I thought the role it tried to serve was so
       important and useful. Please check it or buy it if you can and
       are seriously interested in running a free software project.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Lessig</surname>
      <firstname>Lawrence</firstname>
     </author>

     <title>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername>Basic Books</publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>2000</pubdate>
     
     <isbn>0-465-03913-8</isbn>

     <abstract>
      <para>
       While it only briefly talks about free software (and does it by
       tiptoeing around the free software/open source issue with the
       spineless use of the term <quote>open code</quote> that only a
       laywer could coin), Lessig's book is brilliant. Written by a
       lawyer, it talks about how regulation on the Internet is not
       done with law, but with the code itself and how the nature of
       the code will determine the nature of future freedoms. In
       addition to being a quick and enjoyable read, it gives some
       cool history and describes how we <emphasis>need</emphasis>
       free software in a way more powerfully than anything I've read
       outside of <ulink
       url="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html">RMS's
       <quote>Right to Read.</quote></ulink>
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>
   
   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Raymond</surname>
      <firstname>Eric</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</title>
     <subtitle>Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary</subtitle>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername>O'Reilly</publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>1999</pubdate>
    
     <isbn>1-56592-724-9</isbn>
     <abstract>
      <para>
       Although I have to honestly say that I am not the ESR fan that
       I used to be, this book proved invaluable in getting me where I
       am today. The essay that gives the book its title does a good
       job of sketching the free software process and does an an
       amazing job of making an argument for free software/open source
       development as a road to better software. The rest of the book
       has other of ESR's articles, which for the most part are posted
       on his website. Still, it's nice thing to own in hard copy and
       something that every free software/open source hacker should
       read.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>
  </bibliodiv>

  <bibliodiv>
   <title>Web-Accessable Resources</title>

   <para>
    This is a list of the web resources pertaining to this HOWTO that
    I've found most helpful in compiling this information. If you know
    of others that would help, please don't hesitate to email me at
    <email>mako@debian.org</email> and we can look into getting it
    added to the list and represented in the HOWTO.
   </para>

   <para>
    I'd recommend that any free software developer (or potential one)
    skim through these sites becaue they have each have a lot to say.
   </para>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Manley</surname>
      <firstname>Montey</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink
     url="http://news.linuxprogramming.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-10-31-001-05-CD">Managing
     Projects the Open Source Way</ulink></title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink
      url="http://www.linuxprogramming.com">Linux
      Programming</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>Oct 31, 2000</pubdate>

     <abstract>
      <para>
       In one of the better articles on the subject that I've read,
       Monty sums up some of the major points I touch on including:
       starting a project, testing, documenation, organizing a team and
       leadership, and several other topics. While more opiniated that
       I try to be, I think its an important article that I found very
       helpful in writing this HOWTO. I've tried to cite him in
       the places where I borrowed from him most.
      </para>

      <para>
       I have problems much of this piece and I recommend you read
       <xref linkend="krawitz"> at the same time you read Monty's
       article for a good critique.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Gabriel</surname>
      <firstname>Richard</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink
     url="http://www.jwz.org/doc/worse-is-better.html">The Rise of
     <quote>Worse is Better</quote></ulink></title>

     <abstract>
      <para>
       A well written article although I think the title may have
       confused as many people as the rest of the essay helped. It
       offers a good description of how to design programs that will
       succeed and stay maintainable as they grow.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>
  </bibliodiv>

  <bibliodiv>
   <title>Advogato Articles</title>

   <para>
    I've found that one of the best resources that any free software
    developer has at his or her disposal is Advogato.org. If you haven't
    yet had a chance to visit <ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">the
    website</ulink>, do.
   </para>

   <para>
    I have spent a huge amount of time on advogato and I've gone
    through and provided links to the articles that I think might be
    of particular interest to anyone reading this HOWTO. I think that
    skimming through these links can be helfpul and I promise that if
    you do, you'll learn a lot. You will learn that my idea of how a
    free software project should be run is not the
    <emphasis>only</emphasis> idea. I think that's important.
   </para>

   <para>
    If nothing else, there is <emphasis>way</emphasis> more
    information on that website than I could ever fit into, or
    reference from this HOWTO. I have listed what I think are the most
    relavant articles here with short descriptions that I've written.
   </para>


   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Hindle</surname>
      <firstname>Stephen</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/262.html">'Best Practices' for Open Source?</ulink></title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>March 21, 2001</pubdate>

     <abstract>
      <para>
       Touching mostly on programming practice (as most articles on
       the subject usually do), the article talks a little about
       project managment (<quote>Use it!</quote>) and a bit about
       communication within a free software project.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Cohen</surname>
      <firstname>Bram</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink
     url="http://www.advogato.org/article/258.html"></ulink>How to
     Write Maintainable Code</title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>March 15, 2001</pubdate>
     
     <abstract>
      <para>
       This article touches upon the "writing maintainable code"
       discussion that I try hard to avoid in my HOWTO. It's one of
       the better (and most diplomatic) articles on the subject that
       I've found.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>
   <biblioentry id="krawitz">
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Krawitz</surname>
      <firstname>Robert</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/196.html">Free
     Source Project Management</ulink></title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>November 4, 2000</pubdate>
    
     <abstract>
      <para>
       This article made me happy because it challenged many of the
       problems that I had with Monty's article on <ulink
       url="http://www.linuxprogramming.com">LinuxProgramming</ulink>. The
       author argues that Monty calls simply for the application of
       old (proprietary software) project management techniques in
       free software projects instead of working to come up with
       something new. I found his article to be extremely well thought
       out and I think it's an essential read for any free software
       project manager.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Martins</surname>
      <firstname>Lalo</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/128.html">Ask
     the Advogatos: why do Free Software projects
     fail?</ulink></title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>July 20, 2000</pubdate>

     <abstract>
      <para>
       While the article is little more than a question, reading the
       answers to this question offered by advogato's readers can
       help. In a lot of ways, this HOWTO acts as my answer to the
       questions posed in this article but there are others, many of
       which might take issue with whats is in this HOWTO. It's worth
       checking out.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Burley</surname>
      <firstname>David</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink
     url="http://www.advogato.org/article/107.html">In-Roads to Free
     Software Development</ulink></title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>June 14, 2000</pubdate>
    
     <abstract>
      <para>
       This document was written as a response to <ulink
       url="http://www.advogato.org/article/72.html">another advogato
       article</ulink>. Although not about running a project, this
       describes some of the ways that you can get started with free
       software development without starting a project. I think this
       is an important article. If you are interested in becoming
       involved with free software, this article showcases some of the
       ways that you can do this without actually starting a project
       (something that I hope this HOWTO has demonstrated is not to be
       taken lightly).
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Moorman</surname>
      <firstname>Jacob</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink
     url="http://www.advogato.org/article/72.html"></ulink>Importance
     of Non-Developer Supporters in Free Software</title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>April 16, 2000</pubdate>
    
     <abstract>
      <para>
       Moorman's is a short article but it brings up some good
       points. The comment reminding developers to thank their testers
       and end-users is invaluable and oft-forgotten.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Orchard</surname>
      <firstname>Leslie</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/67.html">On
     Naming an Open Source Project</ulink></title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>April 12, 2000</pubdate>
    
     <abstract>
      <para>
       I didn't even have a section on project naming in this HOWTO
       (See <xref linkend="naming">) until Leslie Orchard's article
       reminded me of it. Thanks to Leslie for writing this article!
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

   <biblioentry>
    <biblioset>
     <author>
      <surname>Allen</surname>
      <firstname>David</firstname>
     </author>
     
     <title><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/40.html">Version Numbering Madness</ulink></title>
     
     <publisher>
      <publishername><ulink url="http://www.advogato.org">Advogato</ulink></publishername>
     </publisher>
     <pubdate>Februrary 28, 2000</pubdate>
    
     <abstract>
      <para>
       In this article, David Allen challengs the whole
       <quote>Major.Minor.Patch</quote> version numbering scheme. Its
       good to read this as you read <xref
       linkend="chooseversioning">. I liked the article and it
       describes some of the projects that I bring up in my discussion
       of verion numbering.
      </para>
     </abstract>
    </biblioset>
   </biblioentry>

  </bibliodiv>
 </bibliography>

<!--  
     The GNU Free Documentation License 1.1 in DocBook
     Markup by Eric Baudais <baudais@okstate.edu>
     Maintained by the GNOME Documentation Project
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<appendix id="fdl">
  <docinfo>
    <releaseinfo>
      Version 1.1, March 2000
    </releaseinfo>
    <copyright>
      <year>2000</year><holder>Free Software Foundation, Inc.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice id="fdl-legalnotice">
      <para>
        <address>Free Software Foundation, Inc. <street>59 Temple Place, 
        Suite 330</street>, <city>Boston</city>, <state>MA</state>  
        <postcode>02111-1307</postcode>  <country>USA</country></address> 
        Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this 
        license document, but changing it is not allowed.
      </para>
    </legalnotice>
  </docinfo>
  <title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>

  <sect1 id="fdl-preamble">
    <title>0. PREAMBLE</title>
    <para>
      The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or
      other written document <quote>free</quote> in the sense of
      freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and
      redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either
      commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
      preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
      their work, while not being considered responsible for
      modifications made by others.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      This License is a kind of <quote>copyleft</quote>, which means
      that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in
      the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License,
      which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
      free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
      free program should come with manuals providing the same
      freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited
      to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work,
      regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a
      printed book. We recommend this License principally for works
      whose purpose is instruction or reference.
    </para>
  </sect1>
  <sect1 id="fdl-section1">
    <title>1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</title>
    <para id="fdl-document">
      This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
      notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
      distributed under the terms of this License. The
      <quote>Document</quote>, below, refers to any such manual or
      work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed
      as <quote>you</quote>.
    </para>
    
    <para id="fdl-modified">
      A <quote>Modified Version</quote> of the Document means any work
      containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied
      verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another
      language.
    </para>
        
    <para id="fdl-secondary">
      A <quote>Secondary Section</quote> is a named appendix or a
      front-matter section of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> that deals exclusively
      with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the
      Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
      matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within
      that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
      textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
      mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
      connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
      legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
      regarding them.
    </para>

    <para id="fdl-invariant">
      The <quote>Invariant Sections</quote> are certain <link
      linkend="fdl-secondary"> Secondary Sections</link> whose titles
      are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
      notice that says that the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> is released under this
      License.
    </para>
    
    <para id="fdl-cover-texts">
      The <quote>Cover Texts</quote> are certain short passages of
      text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts,
      in the notice that says that the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> is released under this
      License.
    </para>
        
    <para id="fdl-transparent">
      A <quote>Transparent</quote> copy of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document"> Document</link> means a machine-readable
      copy, represented in a format whose specification is available
      to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited
      directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for
      images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for
      drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is
      suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic
      translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
      formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
      whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
      subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.  A copy
      that is not <quote>Transparent</quote> is called
      <quote>Opaque</quote>.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include
      plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
      format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
      standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human
      modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF,
      proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
      proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
      and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the
      machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for
      output purposes only.
    </para>
    
    <para id="fdl-title-page">
      The <quote>Title Page</quote> means, for a printed book, the
      title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to
      hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in
      the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title
      page as such, <quote>Title Page</quote> means the text near the
      most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
      beginning of the body of the text.
    </para>
  </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section2">
    <title>2. VERBATIM COPYING</title>
    <para>
      You may copy and distribute the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> in any medium, either
      commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
      copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
      applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that
      you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
      License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or
      control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or
      distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for
      copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you
      must also follow the conditions in <link
      linkend="fdl-section3">section 3</link>.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
      above, and you may publicly display copies.
    </para>
    </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section3">
    <title>3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</title>
    <para>
      If you publish printed copies of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> numbering more than 100,
      and the Document's license notice requires <link
      linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover Texts</link>, you must enclose
      the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
      Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
      Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also
      clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these
      copies. The front cover must present the full title with all
      words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
      other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
      limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
      <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> and satisfy these
      conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
      respects.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
      legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
      reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
      adjacent pages.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      If you publish or distribute <link
      linkend="fdl-transparent">Opaque</link> copies of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> numbering more than 100,
      you must either include a machine-readable <link
      linkend="fdl-transparent">Transparent</link> copy along with
      each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
      publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a
      complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added
      material, which the general network-using public has access to
      download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network
      protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take
      reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
      copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
      remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
      year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly
      or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the
      public.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors
      of the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> well before
      redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance
      to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
    </para>
    </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section4">
    <title>4. MODIFICATIONS</title>
    <para>
      You may copy and distribute a <link
      linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link> of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> under the conditions of
      sections <link linkend="fdl-section2">2</link> and <link
      linkend="fdl-section3">3</link> above, provided that you release
      the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
      Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
      licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version
      to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do
      these things in the Modified Version:
    </para>
    
    <itemizedlist mark="opencircle">
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>A</title>
          <para>
            Use in the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title
            Page</link> (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
            from that of the <link
            linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>, and from those of
            previous versions (which should, if there were any, be
            listed in the History section of the Document). You may
            use the same title as a previous version if the original
            publisher of that version gives permission.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>B</title>
          <para>
            List on the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title
            Page</link>, as authors, one or more persons or entities
            responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
            <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>,
            together with at least five of the principal authors of
            the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> (all of
            its principal authors, if it has less than five).
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>C</title>
          <para>
            State on the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title
            Page</link> the name of the publisher of the <link
            linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>, as the
            publisher.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>D</title>
          <para>
            Preserve all the copyright notices of the <link
            linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>E</title>
          <para>
            Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
            adjacent to the other copyright notices.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>F</title>
          <para>
            Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a
            license notice giving the public permission to use the
            <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link> under
            the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
            Addendum below.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>G</title>
          <para>
            Preserve in that license notice the full lists of <link
            linkend="fdl-invariant"> Invariant Sections</link> and
            required <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover
            Texts</link> given in the <link
            linkend="fdl-document">Document's</link> license notice.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>H</title>
          <para>
            Include an unaltered copy of this License.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>I</title>
          <para>
            Preserve the section entitled <quote>History</quote>, and
            its title, and add to it an item stating at least the
            title, year, new authors, and publisher of the <link
            linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version </link>as given on
            the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title Page</link>.  If
            there is no section entitled <quote>History</quote> in the
            <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>, create one
            stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
            Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
            describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
            sentence.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>J</title>
          <para>
            Preserve the network location, if any, given in the <link
            linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> for public access
            to a <link linkend="fdl-transparent">Transparent</link>
            copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations
            given in the Document for previous versions it was based
            on. These may be placed in the <quote>History</quote>
            section.  You may omit a network location for a work that
            was published at least four years before the Document
            itself, or if the original publisher of the version it
            refers to gives permission.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>K</title>
          <para>
            In any section entitled <quote>Acknowledgements</quote> or
            <quote>Dedications</quote>, preserve the section's title,
            and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
            each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
            dedications given therein.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>L</title>
          <para>
            Preserve all the <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
            Sections</link> of the <link
            linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>, unaltered in their
            text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
            equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>M</title>
          <para>
            Delete any section entitled
            <quote>Endorsements</quote>. Such a section may not be
            included in the <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified
            Version</link>.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
      
      <listitem>
        <formalpara>
          <title>N</title>
          <para>
            Do not retitle any existing section as
            <quote>Endorsements</quote> or to conflict in title with
            any <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
            Section</link>.
          </para>
        </formalpara>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    
    <para>
      If the <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>
      includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as
      <link linkend="fdl-secondary">Secondary Sections</link> and
      contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your
      option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To
      do this, add their titles to the list of <link
      linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant Sections</link> in the
      Modified Version's license notice.  These titles must be
      distinct from any other section titles.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      You may add a section entitled <quote>Endorsements</quote>,
      provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your <link
      linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link> by various
      parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
      has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
      definition of a standard.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      You may add a passage of up to five words as a <link
      linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Front-Cover Text</link>, and a passage
      of up to 25 words as a <link
      linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Back-Cover Text</link>, to the end of
      the list of <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover Texts</link>
      in the <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>.
      Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text
      may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one
      entity. If the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>
      already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
      added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are
      acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
      replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
      publisher that added the old one.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      The author(s) and publisher(s) of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> do not by this License
      give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
      assert or imply endorsement of any <link
      linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version </link>.
    </para>
  </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section5">
    <title>5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</title>
    <para>
      You may combine the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>
      with other documents released under this License, under the
      terms defined in <link linkend="fdl-section4">section 4</link>
      above for modified versions, provided that you include in the
      combination all of the <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
      Sections</link> of all of the original documents, unmodified,
      and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in
      its license notice.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      The combined work need only contain one copy of this License,
      and multiple identical <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
      Sections</link> may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
      multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different
      contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding
      at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
      author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique
      number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the
      list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
      work.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
      <quote>History</quote> in the various original documents,
      forming one section entitled <quote>History</quote>; likewise
      combine any sections entitled <quote>Acknowledgements</quote>,
      and any sections entitled <quote>Dedications</quote>.  You must
      delete all sections entitled <quote>Endorsements.</quote>
    </para>
    </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section6">
    <title>6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</title>
    <para>
      You may make a collection consisting of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> and other documents
      released under this License, and replace the individual copies
      of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
      is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
      rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
      documents in all other respects.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
      dispbibute it individually under this License, provided you
      insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
      follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
      copying of that document.
    </para>
    </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section7">
    <title>7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</title>
    <para>
      A compilation of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> or its derivatives with
      other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a
      volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole
      count as a <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>
      of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed
      for the compilation.  Such a compilation is called an
      <quote>aggregate</quote>, and this License does not apply to the
      other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document , on
      account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
      derivative works of the Document.  If the <link
      linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover Text</link> requirement of <link
      linkend="fdl-section3">section 3</link> is applicable to these
      copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
      quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may
      be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
      aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
      aggregate.
    </para>
    </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section8">
    <title>8. TRANSLATION</title>
    <para>
      Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
      distribute translations of the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> under the terms of <link
      linkend="fdl-section4">section 4</link>. Replacing <link
      linkend="fdl-invariant"> Invariant Sections</link> with
      translations requires special permission from their copyright
      holders, but you may include translations of some or all
      Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
      Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this
      License provided that you also include the original English
      version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the
      translation and the original English version of this License,
      the original English version will prevail.
    </para>
    </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section9">
    <title>9. TERMINATION</title>
    <para>
      You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the <link
      linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> except as expressly
      provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy,
      modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
      automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
      parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
      License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
      parties remain in full compliance.
    </para>
    </sect1>
    
  <sect1 id="fdl-section10">
    <title>10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</title>
    <para>
      The <ulink type="http"
      url="http://www.gnu.org/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software
      Foundation</ulink> may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
      Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
      will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ
      in detail to address new problems or concerns. See <ulink
      type="http"
      url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</ulink>.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
      number. If the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>
      specifies that a particular numbered version of this License
      <quote>or any later version</quote> applies to it, you have the
      option of following the terms and conditions either of that
      specified version or of any later version that has been
      published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
      the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
      you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by
      the Free Software Foundation.
    </para>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="fdl-using">
    <title>Addendum</title>
    <para>
      To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
      the License in the document and put the following copyright and
      license notices just after the title page:
    </para>
    
    <blockquote>
      <para>
        Copyright &copy; YEAR YOUR NAME.
      </para>
      <para>
        Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
        document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
        License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the
        Free Software Foundation; with the <link
        linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant Sections</link> being LIST
        THEIR TITLES, with the <link
        linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Front-Cover Texts</link> being LIST,
        and with the <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Back-Cover
        Texts</link> being LIST.  A copy of the license is included in
        the section entitled <quote>GNU Free Documentation
        License</quote>.
      </para>
    </blockquote>
      
    <para>
      If you have no <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
      Sections</link>, write <quote>with no Invariant Sections</quote>
      instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no
      <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Front-Cover Texts</link>, write
      <quote>no Front-Cover Texts</quote> instead of
      <quote>Front-Cover Texts being LIST</quote>; likewise for <link
      linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Back-Cover Texts</link>.
    </para>
    
    <para>
      If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code,
      we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your
      choice of free software license, such as the <ulink type="http"
      url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"> GNU General Public
      License</ulink>, to permit their use in free software.
    </para>
  </sect1>
</appendix>  

</article>

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