<!-- Header -->
<artheader>
- <title>Free Software Development HOWTO</title>
+ <title>Free Software Project Management HOWTO</title>
<author>
<firstname>Benjamin</firstname>
- <othername>Mako</othername>
+ <othername>"Mako"</othername>
<surname>Hill</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
-
+
<revhistory>
+ <revision>
+ <revnumber>v0.3</revnumber>
+ <date>5 May 2001</date>
+ <authorinitials>bch</authorinitials>
+ </revision>
+
+ <revision>
+ <revnumber>v0.2.1</revnumber>
+ <date>10 April 2001</date>
+ <authorinitials>bch</authorinitials>
+ </revision>
+
<revision>
<revnumber>v0.2</revnumber>
<date>8 April 2001</date>
This HOWTO is designed for people with experience in programming
and some skills in managing a software project but who are new to
the world of free software. This document is meant to act as a
- guide to the non-technical aspects of free software development
- and was written to be a crash course in the people skills that
- aren't taught to commercial coders but that can make or break a
- free software project.
+ guide to the non-technical aspects of free software project
+ management and was written to be a crash course in the people
+ skills that aren't taught to commercial coders but that can make
+ or break a free software project.
</para>
</abstract>
</para>
<para>
- This HOWTO tries to do a lot of thing (probably too many), but it
+ This HOWTO tries to do a lot of things (probably too many), but it
can't answer that question and won't attempt it. What this HOWTO
will attempt to do is give your Free Software project a fighting
chance--an edge. If you write a piece of crap that no one is
<para>
This document is copyrighted (c) 2000 Benjamin (Mako) Hill and is
- distributed under the terms of the Linux Documentation Project
- (LDP) license, stated below.
+ distributed under the terms of the <citetitle>GNU Free
+ Documentation License</citetitle>.
</para>
- <para>
- Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by
- their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced
- and distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or
- electronic, as long as this copyright notice is retained on all
- copies. Commercial redistribution is allowed and encouraged;
- however, the author would like to be notified of any such
- distributions.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works
- incorporating any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this
- copyright notice. That is, you may not produce a derivative work
- from a HOWTO and impose additional restrictions on its
- distribution. Exceptions to these rules may be granted under
- certain conditions; please contact the Linux HOWTO coordinator at
- the address given below.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information
- through as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to
- retain copyright on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be
- notified of any plans to redistribute the HOWTOs.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- If you have any questions, please contact
- <email>linux-howto@metalab.unc.edu</email>
- </para>
+ <para>
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+ document under the terms of the <link
+ linkend="fdl"><citetitle>GNU Free Documentation
+ License</citetitle></link>, Version 1.1 or any later version
+ published by the Free Software Foundation with no Invariant
+ Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy
+ of the license can be found in <xref linkend="fdl">.
+ </para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: disclaimer -->
No liability for the contents of this documents can be accepted.
Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk. As
this is a new edition of this document, there may be errors and
- inaccuracies, that may of course be damaging to your system.
- Proceed with caution, and although this is highly unlikely, the
- author(s) do not take any responsibility for that.
+ inaccuracies, that may of course be damaging to your project (and
+ potentially your system). Proceed with caution, and although this
+ is highly unlikely, the author(s) does not take any responsibility
+ for that.
</para>
<para>
as endorsements.
</para>
- <para>
- You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system
- before major installation and backups at regular intervals.
- </para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: newversions-->
<sect2 id="newversions">
<title>New Versions</title>
- <indexterm>
- <primary>fswd!news on</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
<para>
- This is the second pre-release of this HOWTO. It is written to be
- released to developers for critique and brainstorming and
- submitted to Hampshire College for academic credit. Please keep in
- mind that this version of the HOWTO is still in an infant stage
- and will be revised extensively before it gets publicized widely.
+ This version is the part of the third pre-release cycle of this
+ HOWTO. It is written to be released to developers for critique and
+ brainstorming. Please keep in mind that this version of the HOWTO
+ is still in an infant stage and will continue to be revised
+ extensively.
</para>
<para>
The latest version number of this document should always be listed
- on <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/projects/howto">the projects
- homepage </ulink> hosted by Debian.
+ on <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto">the projects
+ homepage </ulink> hosted by <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org">yukidoke.org.</ulink>
</para>
<para>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareDevelopment-HOWTO/t1.html">HTML</ulink>.
+ <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO/t1.html">HTML</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareDevelopment-HOWTO.html">HTML (single page)</ulink>.
+ <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.html">HTML (single page)</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink URL="http://people.debian.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareDevelopment-HOWTO.txt">plain text</ulink>.
+ <ulink URL="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.txt">plain text</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareDevelopment-HOWTO.ps.gz">Compressed postscript</ulink>.
+ <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.ps.gz">Compressed postscript</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareDevelopment-HOWTO.sgml.gz">Compressed SGML source</ulink>.
+ <ulink url="http://yukidoke.org/~mako/projects/howto/FreeSoftwareProjectManagement-HOWTO.sgml.gz">Compressed SGML source</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
- <emphasis>Karl Fogel</emphasis>, the author of <emphasis>Open
- Source Development with CVS</emphasis> published by the Coriolis
- Open Press. Large parts of his book are available <ulink
+ Anyone who gave me an idea for a better name and everyone who
+ assured me that a <citetitle>Project Management HOWTO</citetitle>
+ didn't necessary sound corporate.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Josh Crawford, Andy King, and Jaime Davila who all read through
+ this in entirety and gave me feedback that has helped me make
+ changes and improvements to this document. I can't thank you guys
+ enough for your help. An extra <quote>Thank You</quote> goes to
+ Andy King who who read through this several times and submitted
+ patches to make life easier for me.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Karl Fogel, the author of <citetitle>Open Source Development with
+ CVS</citetitle> published by the Coriolis Open Press. Large parts
+ of his book are available <ulink
url="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com">on the web</ulink>. 225 pages of
the book are available under the GPL and constitute the best
- tutorial on CVS I've ever seen. The rest of the book covers, "the
- challenges and philosophical issues inherent in running an Open
- Source project using CVS." The book does a good job of covering
- some of the subjects brought up in this HOWTO and much
+ tutorial on CVS I've ever seen. The rest of the book covers,
+ <quote>the challenges and philosophical issues inherent in running
+ an Open Source project using CVS.</quote> The book does a good job
+ of covering some of the subjects brought up in this HOWTO and much
more. <ulink url="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com">The book's
website</ulink> has information on ordering the book and provides
several translations of the chapters on CVS. If you are seriously
url="http://www.debian.org">Debian Project</ulink>. The project
has provided me with a home, a place to practice free software
advocacy, a place to make a difference, a place to learn from
- those how have been involved with the movement much longer than I,
+ those who have been involved with the movement much longer than I,
and proof of a free software project that definitely, definitely
works.
</para>
<primary>fswd!starting</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
- With very little argument, the beginning is the most difficult part
- of successful free software development. Laying a firm foundation
- will determine whether your project flourishes or withers away and
- dies. It is also the subject that is of most immediate interest to
- anyone reading this document as a tutorial.
+ With very little argument, the beginning is the most difficult
+ period in a project's life to do successful free software project
+ managment. Laying a firm foundation will determine whether your
+ project flourishes or withers away and dies. It is also the subject
+ that is of most immediate interest to anyone reading this document
+ as a tutorial.
</para>
<para>
Starting a project involves a dilemma that you as a developer must
try and deal with: no potential user for your program is interested
- in a program that doesn't work while the development process that
+ in a program that doesn't work, while the development process that
you want to employ holds involvement of users as imperative.
</para>
<title>Identify and articulate your idea</title>
<para>
Eric S. Raymond writes about how free software projects start in
- his essay, <quote>The Cathedral and the Bazaar,</quote> which
- comes as required reading for any free software developer. It is
- available <ulink
- url="http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/">online
- </ulink>.
+ his essay, <ulink
+ url="http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/"><quote>The
+ Cathedral and the Bazaar,</quote></ulink> which comes as required
+ reading for any free software developer. It is available online .
</para>
<para>
In evaluating your idea, you need to first ask yourself a few
questions. This should happen before you move any further
through this HOWTO. Ask yourself: <emphasis>Is the free software
- development model really is the right one for your
+ development model really the right one for your
project?</emphasis>
</para>
</para>
<para>
- Luckily, The Internet is a place so big and so diverse that,
+ Luckily, the Internet is a place so big and so diverse that,
chances are, there is someone, somewhere, who shares your
- interests and how feels the same <quote>itch.</quote> It is the
+ interests and who feels the same <quote>itch.</quote> It is the
fact that there are so many people with so many similar needs and
desires that introduces the third major question: <emphasis>Has
somebody already had your idea or a reasonably similar
There are places you can go on the web to try and answer the
question above. If you have experience with the free software
community, you are probably already familiar with many of these
- sites. All of the resources listed bellow offer searching of
+ sites. All of the resources listed below offer searching of
their databases:
</para>
<term>Slashdot</term>
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="http://slashdot.org">Slashdot</ulink>
- provides <quote>News for Nerds: Stuff that Matters,</quote>
+ provides <quote>News for Nerds. Stuff that matters,</quote>
which usually includes discussion of free software, open
- source, technology, and geek culture new and events. It is
- not unusual for an particularly sexy development effort to be
- announced here so it definitely worth checking.</para>
+ source, technology, and geek culture news and events. It is
+ not unusual for a particularly sexy development effort to be
+ announced here, so it is definitely worth checking.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<para><ulink url="http://sourceforge.net">SourceForge</ulink>
houses and facilitates a growing number of open source and
free software projects. It is also quickly becoming a nexus
- and an necessary stop for free software
+ and a necessary stop for free software
developers. SourceForge's <ulink
url="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php">software
map</ulink> and <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/new/"> new
release</ulink> pages should be necessary stops before
embarking on a new free software project. SourceForge also
+ provides a <ulink
url="http://sourceforge.net/snippet/">Code Snippet
Library</ulink> which contains useful reusable chunks of code
in an array of languages which can come in useful in any
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="http://www.google.com">Google</ulink> and
<ulink url="http://www.google.com/linux"> Google's Linux
- Search</ulink>, provide powerful web searches that may reveal
+ Search</ulink>, provides powerful web searches that may reveal
people working on similar projects. It is not a catalog of
software or news like freshmeat or Slashdot, but it is worth
checking to make sure you aren't pouring your effort into a
<para>
For many developers this may be the single most difficult aspect
- of free software development but it is an essential one. It is
- easy to become fired up by an idea and be caught up in the
+ of free software project managment, but it is an essential one. It is
+ easy to become fired up by an idea and get caught up in the
momentum and excitement of a new project. It is often extremely
- difficult to do but, it is important that any free software
- developer remember that the best interests of the free software
+ difficult to do, but it is important that any free software
+ developer remembers that the best interests of the free software
community and the quickest way to accomplish your own project's
goals and the goals of similar projects can often be
accomplished by <emphasis>not</emphasis> starting a new
criteria, you can still go ahead. I thought <quote>gnubile</quote>
was one of the best I'd heard for a free software project ever and
I still talk about it long after I've stopped using the
- program. However, if you can flexible on the subject, listen to
+ program. However, if you can be flexible on the subject, listen to
Orchard's advice. It might help you.
</para>
</sect2>
brings up the question of <quote>Open Source Software</quote> and
the debate over the terms <quote>Open Source Software</quote> and
<quote>Free Software</quote>. However, because I've written the
- Free Software Development HOWTO and not the Open Source
- Development HOWTO, my own allegiances in this argument are in the
- open.
+ Free Software Project Management HOWTO and not the Open Source
+ Software Project Management HOWTO, my own allegiances in this
+ argument are in the open.
</para>
<para>
Software Foundation and the GNU Project, the
<acronym>GPL</acronym> is the license for the Linux kernel,
GNOME, Emacs, and the vast majority of GNU/Linux software. It's
- the obvious choice but I believe it is a good one. Any BSD
+ the obvious choice but I also believe it is a good one. Any BSD
fanatic will urge you to remember that there is a viral aspect to
the <acronym>GPL</acronym> that prevents the mixture of
<acronym>GPL</acronym>'ed code with non-<acronym>GPL</acronym>'ed
<para>
The text of the <acronym>GPL</acronym> offers <ulink
url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html#SEC4">a good
- description</ulink> of mechanics of applying a license to a piece
- of software. My quick checklist for applying a license includes:
+ description of the mechanics of applying a license</ulink> to a
+ piece of software. My quick checklist for applying a license
+ includes:
</para>
<para>
In addition to man pages and command-line help, there are certain
files where people will look for documentation, especially in any
package containing source code. In a source distribution, most of
- these files can be stored in a the root directory of the source
+ these files can be stored in the root directory of the source
distribution or in a subdirectory of the root called
<quote>doc</quote> or <quote>Documentation.</quote> Common files
in these places include:
install</quote> and touches on any unusual options or actions
that may be necessary. For most relatively standard install
procedures and for most programs, INSTALL files are as short
- as possible are rarely over 100 lines.</para>
+ as possible and are rarely over 100 lines.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
changes you make to your program. The most simple way to
maintain a CHANGELOG is to simply keep a file with the source
code for your program and add a section to the top of the
- CHANGELOG with each release describing what has been, changed,
+ CHANGELOG with each release describing what has been changed,
fixed, or added to the program. It's a good idea to post the
CHANGELOG onto the website as well because it can help people
decide whether they want or need to upgrade to a newer version
<para>
It doesn't hurt to distribute any documentation for your program
- from your website (FAQs etc) with your program. Don't hesitate
+ from your website (FAQs etc) with your program. Don't hesitate to
throw any of this in the program's tarball. If people don't need
it, they will delete it. I can repeat it over and over:
<emphasis>Too much documentation is not a sin.</emphasis>
Binary packages should always be distribution specific. If you
can build binary packages against a current version of a major
distribution, you will only make your users happy. Try to foster
- relationships with users or developers of large distributiosn to
+ relationships with users or developers of large distributions to
develop a system for the consistent creation of binary
packages. It's often a good idea to provide RedHat
<acronym>RPM</acronym>'s (.rpm), Debian deb's (.deb) and source
<para>
I'd love to devote more space in this HOWTO to CVS because I love
it (I even use CVS to keep versions straight on this HOWTO!) but
- I think it falls outside the scope of this document and should
+ I think it falls outside the scope of this document and should have
(already has) its own HOWTO.
</para>
<!-- Section2: otherdev -->
<sect2 id="otherdev">
- <title>Other Development issues</title>
+ <title>Other Project Management issues</title>
<para>
There are more issues surrounding interaction with developers in a
free software project that I can not touch on in great detail in a
freeze in effect.
</para>
</sect3>
+ </sect2>
- <sect3>
- <title>Forking</title>
+ <sect2>
+ <title>Forks</title>
<para>
- Forks are like the most extreme version of a branch. A fork is
- when a group of developers takes code from a free software
- project and actually starts a brand new free software
- project with it. The most famous example of a fork was between Emacs and
- XEmacs. Both emacsen are based on an identical code-base
- but for technical, political, and philosophical reasons,
- development was split into two projects which now compete with
- each other.
+ I wasn't sure about how I would deal with forking in this
+ document (or if I would deal with forking at all). A fork is when
+ a group of developers takes code from a free software project and
+ actually starts a brand new free software project with it. The
+ most famous example of a fork was between Emacs and XEmacs. Both
+ emacsen are based on an identical code-base but for technical,
+ political, and philosophical reasons, development was split into
+ two projects which now compete with each other.
</para>
<para>
absolutely unresolvable, I recommend Fogel's book as a good place
to start.
</para>
- </sect3>
</sect2>
</sect1>
to try and be as responsive as possible. A solid knowledge of the
situation recounted above is any free software developer's best tool
for shifting his development or leadership style to fit the unique
- process of free software development. This chapters will try and
+ process of free software project management. This chapters will try and
introduce some of the more difficult or important points in any
projects interactions with users and give some hints on how to
tackle these.
<para>
It should not come as any surprise that the key element to any
support infrastructure is good documentation. This topic was
- large covered in <xref linkend="documentation"> and will not be
+ largely covered in <xref linkend="documentation"> and will not be
repeated here.
</para>
</sect3>
</bibliodiv>
</bibliography>
+<!--
+ The GNU Free Documentation License 1.1 in DocBook
+ Markup by Eric Baudais <baudais@okstate.edu>
+ Maintained by the GNOME Documentation Project
+ http://developer.gnome.org/projects/gdp
+ Version: 1.0.1
+ Last Modified: Nov 16, 2000
+-->
+
+<appendix id="fdl">
+ <docinfo>
+ <releaseinfo>
+ Version 1.1, March 2000
+ </releaseinfo>
+ <copyright>
+ <year>2000</year><holder>Free Software Foundation, Inc.</holder>
+ </copyright>
+ <legalnotice id="fdl-legalnotice">
+ <para>
+ <address>Free Software Foundation, Inc. <street>59 Temple Place,
+ Suite 330</street>, <city>Boston</city>, <state>MA</state>
+ <postcode>02111-1307</postcode> <country>USA</country></address>
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
+ license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+ </para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </docinfo>
+ <title>GNU Free Documentation License</title>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-preamble">
+ <title>0. PREAMBLE</title>
+ <para>
+ The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or
+ other written document <quote>free</quote> in the sense of
+ freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and
+ redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either
+ commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
+ preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
+ their work, while not being considered responsible for
+ modifications made by others.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This License is a kind of <quote>copyleft</quote>, which means
+ that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in
+ the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License,
+ which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
+ free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
+ free program should come with manuals providing the same
+ freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited
+ to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work,
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+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section1">
+ <title>1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</title>
+ <para id="fdl-document">
+ This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
+ notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
+ distributed under the terms of this License. The
+ <quote>Document</quote>, below, refers to any such manual or
+ work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed
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+ <para>
+ You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
+ above, and you may publicly display copies.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section3">
+ <title>3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</title>
+ <para>
+ If you publish printed copies of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> numbering more than 100,
+ and the Document's license notice requires <link
+ linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover Texts</link>, you must enclose
+ the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
+ Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
+ Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also
+ clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these
+ copies. The front cover must present the full title with all
+ words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
+ other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
+ limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
+ <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> and satisfy these
+ conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
+ respects.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
+ legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
+ reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
+ adjacent pages.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you publish or distribute <link
+ linkend="fdl-transparent">Opaque</link> copies of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> numbering more than 100,
+ you must either include a machine-readable <link
+ linkend="fdl-transparent">Transparent</link> copy along with
+ each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a
+ publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a
+ complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added
+ material, which the general network-using public has access to
+ download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network
+ protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take
+ reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
+ copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
+ remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
+ year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly
+ or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the
+ public.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors
+ of the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> well before
+ redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance
+ to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section4">
+ <title>4. MODIFICATIONS</title>
+ <para>
+ You may copy and distribute a <link
+ linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link> of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> under the conditions of
+ sections <link linkend="fdl-section2">2</link> and <link
+ linkend="fdl-section3">3</link> above, provided that you release
+ the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
+ Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
+ licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version
+ to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do
+ these things in the Modified Version:
+ </para>
+
+ <itemizedlist mark="opencircle">
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>A</title>
+ <para>
+ Use in the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title
+ Page</link> (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
+ from that of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>, and from those of
+ previous versions (which should, if there were any, be
+ listed in the History section of the Document). You may
+ use the same title as a previous version if the original
+ publisher of that version gives permission.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>B</title>
+ <para>
+ List on the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title
+ Page</link>, as authors, one or more persons or entities
+ responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
+ <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>,
+ together with at least five of the principal authors of
+ the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> (all of
+ its principal authors, if it has less than five).
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>C</title>
+ <para>
+ State on the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title
+ Page</link> the name of the publisher of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>, as the
+ publisher.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>D</title>
+ <para>
+ Preserve all the copyright notices of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>E</title>
+ <para>
+ Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+ adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>F</title>
+ <para>
+ Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a
+ license notice giving the public permission to use the
+ <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link> under
+ the terms of this License, in the form shown in the
+ Addendum below.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>G</title>
+ <para>
+ Preserve in that license notice the full lists of <link
+ linkend="fdl-invariant"> Invariant Sections</link> and
+ required <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover
+ Texts</link> given in the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document's</link> license notice.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>H</title>
+ <para>
+ Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>I</title>
+ <para>
+ Preserve the section entitled <quote>History</quote>, and
+ its title, and add to it an item stating at least the
+ title, year, new authors, and publisher of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version </link>as given on
+ the <link linkend="fdl-title-page">Title Page</link>. If
+ there is no section entitled <quote>History</quote> in the
+ <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>, create one
+ stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the
+ Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item
+ describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
+ sentence.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>J</title>
+ <para>
+ Preserve the network location, if any, given in the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> for public access
+ to a <link linkend="fdl-transparent">Transparent</link>
+ copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations
+ given in the Document for previous versions it was based
+ on. These may be placed in the <quote>History</quote>
+ section. You may omit a network location for a work that
+ was published at least four years before the Document
+ itself, or if the original publisher of the version it
+ refers to gives permission.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>K</title>
+ <para>
+ In any section entitled <quote>Acknowledgements</quote> or
+ <quote>Dedications</quote>, preserve the section's title,
+ and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
+ each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
+ dedications given therein.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>L</title>
+ <para>
+ Preserve all the <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
+ Sections</link> of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>, unaltered in their
+ text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
+ equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>M</title>
+ <para>
+ Delete any section entitled
+ <quote>Endorsements</quote>. Such a section may not be
+ included in the <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified
+ Version</link>.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <formalpara>
+ <title>N</title>
+ <para>
+ Do not retitle any existing section as
+ <quote>Endorsements</quote> or to conflict in title with
+ any <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
+ Section</link>.
+ </para>
+ </formalpara>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>
+ If the <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>
+ includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as
+ <link linkend="fdl-secondary">Secondary Sections</link> and
+ contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your
+ option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To
+ do this, add their titles to the list of <link
+ linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant Sections</link> in the
+ Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be
+ distinct from any other section titles.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You may add a section entitled <quote>Endorsements</quote>,
+ provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your <link
+ linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link> by various
+ parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
+ has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
+ definition of a standard.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You may add a passage of up to five words as a <link
+ linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Front-Cover Text</link>, and a passage
+ of up to 25 words as a <link
+ linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Back-Cover Text</link>, to the end of
+ the list of <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover Texts</link>
+ in the <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>.
+ Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text
+ may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one
+ entity. If the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>
+ already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
+ added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are
+ acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
+ replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
+ publisher that added the old one.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The author(s) and publisher(s) of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> do not by this License
+ give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
+ assert or imply endorsement of any <link
+ linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version </link>.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section5">
+ <title>5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</title>
+ <para>
+ You may combine the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>
+ with other documents released under this License, under the
+ terms defined in <link linkend="fdl-section4">section 4</link>
+ above for modified versions, provided that you include in the
+ combination all of the <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
+ Sections</link> of all of the original documents, unmodified,
+ and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in
+ its license notice.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ The combined work need only contain one copy of this License,
+ and multiple identical <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
+ Sections</link> may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
+ multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different
+ contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding
+ at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
+ author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique
+ number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the
+ list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
+ work.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
+ <quote>History</quote> in the various original documents,
+ forming one section entitled <quote>History</quote>; likewise
+ combine any sections entitled <quote>Acknowledgements</quote>,
+ and any sections entitled <quote>Dedications</quote>. You must
+ delete all sections entitled <quote>Endorsements.</quote>
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section6">
+ <title>6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</title>
+ <para>
+ You may make a collection consisting of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> and other documents
+ released under this License, and replace the individual copies
+ of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
+ is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
+ rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
+ documents in all other respects.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+ dispbibute it individually under this License, provided you
+ insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
+ follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
+ copying of that document.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section7">
+ <title>7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</title>
+ <para>
+ A compilation of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> or its derivatives with
+ other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a
+ volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole
+ count as a <link linkend="fdl-modified">Modified Version</link>
+ of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed
+ for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an
+ <quote>aggregate</quote>, and this License does not apply to the
+ other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document , on
+ account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves
+ derivative works of the Document. If the <link
+ linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Cover Text</link> requirement of <link
+ linkend="fdl-section3">section 3</link> is applicable to these
+ copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
+ quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may
+ be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the
+ aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole
+ aggregate.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section8">
+ <title>8. TRANSLATION</title>
+ <para>
+ Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+ distribute translations of the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> under the terms of <link
+ linkend="fdl-section4">section 4</link>. Replacing <link
+ linkend="fdl-invariant"> Invariant Sections</link> with
+ translations requires special permission from their copyright
+ holders, but you may include translations of some or all
+ Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
+ Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this
+ License provided that you also include the original English
+ version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the
+ translation and the original English version of this License,
+ the original English version will prevail.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section9">
+ <title>9. TERMINATION</title>
+ <para>
+ You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the <link
+ linkend="fdl-document">Document</link> except as expressly
+ provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy,
+ modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
+ automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
+ parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
+ License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
+ parties remain in full compliance.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-section10">
+ <title>10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</title>
+ <para>
+ The <ulink type="http"
+ url="http://www.gnu.org/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software
+ Foundation</ulink> may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
+ Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
+ will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ
+ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See <ulink
+ type="http"
+ url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</ulink>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
+ number. If the <link linkend="fdl-document">Document</link>
+ specifies that a particular numbered version of this License
+ <quote>or any later version</quote> applies to it, you have the
+ option of following the terms and conditions either of that
+ specified version or of any later version that has been
+ published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
+ the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
+ you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by
+ the Free Software Foundation.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+
+ <sect1 id="fdl-using">
+ <title>Addendum</title>
+ <para>
+ To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
+ the License in the document and put the following copyright and
+ license notices just after the title page:
+ </para>
+
+ <blockquote>
+ <para>
+ Copyright © YEAR YOUR NAME.
+ </para>
+ <para>
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+ document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
+ License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the
+ Free Software Foundation; with the <link
+ linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant Sections</link> being LIST
+ THEIR TITLES, with the <link
+ linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Front-Cover Texts</link> being LIST,
+ and with the <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Back-Cover
+ Texts</link> being LIST. A copy of the license is included in
+ the section entitled <quote>GNU Free Documentation
+ License</quote>.
+ </para>
+ </blockquote>
+
+ <para>
+ If you have no <link linkend="fdl-invariant">Invariant
+ Sections</link>, write <quote>with no Invariant Sections</quote>
+ instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no
+ <link linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Front-Cover Texts</link>, write
+ <quote>no Front-Cover Texts</quote> instead of
+ <quote>Front-Cover Texts being LIST</quote>; likewise for <link
+ linkend="fdl-cover-texts">Back-Cover Texts</link>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code,
+ we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your
+ choice of free software license, such as the <ulink type="http"
+ url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"> GNU General Public
+ License</ulink>, to permit their use in free software.
+ </para>
+ </sect1>
+</appendix>
+
</article>
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