<author>
<firstname>Benjamin</firstname>
<othername>Mako</othername>
- <surnamen>Hill</surname>
+ <surname>Hill</surname>
<affiliation>
<address>
<email>mako@debian.org</email>
<revhistory>
<revision>
<revnumber>v0.01</revnumber>
- <date>1 January 2001</date>
+ <date>25 March 2001</date>
<authorinitials>bch</authorinitials>
<revremark>
Initial Release
<title>Copyright Information</title>
<para>
- This document is copyrighted (c) 2000 Stein Gjoen and is
+ This document is copyrighted (c) 2000 Benjamin (Mako) Hill and is
distributed under the terms of the Linux Documentation Project
- (LDP) license, stated below. <emphasis>Replace with your name,
- or supply a new license, when you use this skeleton for a new
- HOWTO.</emphasis>
+ (LDP) license, stated below.
</para>
<para>
<para>
The latest version number of this document should always be listed
at my webpage at<ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/">
- http://people.debian.org/~mako/</unlink> Debian.
+ http://people.debian.org/~mako/</ulink> Debian.
</para>
<para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/fswd-howto.html">HTML</ulink>.
+ <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/howto/fswd-howto.html">HTML</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink URL="http://people.debian.org/fswd-howto.txt">plain text</ulink>.
+ <ulink URL="http://people.debian.org/~mako/howto/fswd-howto.txt">plain text</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/fswd-howto.US.ps.gz">compressed
+ <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/howto/fswd-howto.US.ps.gz">compressed
postscript (US letter format)</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/fswd-howto.UF.ps.gz">compressed
+ <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/howto/fswd-howto.UF.ps.gz">compressed
postscript (Universal format / 8.27x11in; 210x279mm)</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
- <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/fswd-howto.sgml">SGML source</ulink>.
+ <ulink url="http://people.debian.org/~mako/howto/fswd-howto.sgml">SGML source</ulink>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
+ </sect2>
<!-- Section2: credits -->
<title>Credits</title>
<para>
- <emphasis>It is always nice to acknowledge people who help you
- with input; it is also regarded by many as important in the
- Linux world new economy.</emphasis>
+ In this version I have the pleasure of acknowledging:
</para>
<para>
- In this version I have the pleasure of acknowledging:
+ <emphasis>Karl Fogel</emphasis>, the author of <emphasis>Open
+ Source Development with CVS</emphasis> published by the Coriolis
+ Open Press. Larges parts of the book are available <ulink
+ url="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com">on the web</ulink>. 225 pages of
+ the book are available under the GPL and constitute the best
+ tutorial on CVS I have ever seen. The rest of the book covers,
+ "the challenges and philosophical issues inherent in running an
+ Open Source project using CVS." The book does a good job of
+ covering some of the subjects brought up in this HOWTO and much
+ more. <ulink url="http://cvsbook.red-bean.com">The book's
+ website</ulink> has information on ordering the book and provides
+ several translations of the chapters on CVS. I you are seriously
+ interested in running a Free Software project, you want this book.
</para>
-
+
<para>
- <email>name (at) site.org</email>
+ Karl Fogel can be reached at <email>kfogel (at) red-bean (dot)
+ com</email>
</para>
-
<para>
- <emphasis>Please scramble the addresses so email harvesters
- cannot get addresses from your HOWTO and then spam people. That
- has happened in the past.</emphasis>
+ Also providing support and material, and inspiration for this
+ HOWTO is Eric S. Raymond for his prolific, consitent, and
+ carefully crafted arguments, to Lawrence Lessig for reminding me
+ of the importance of Free Software and to every user and developer
+ involved with the <ulink url="http://www.debian.org">Debian
+ Project</ulink>. The project has provided me with a home, a place
+ to practice Free Software advocacy and to make a difference, a
+ place to learn from those how have been involved with the movement
+ much longer than I, and an proof of a Free Software project that
+ <emphasis>definately, definately works</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>
- <emphasis>Somecompany</emphasis> is acknowledged for sending me
- documentation on their gizmos as well as permission to quote from
- the material. These quotes have been approved before appearing
- here and will be clearly labeled.
+ Above all, I want to thank <emphasis>Richard Stallman</emphasis>
+ for his work at the Free Software Foundation and for never giving
+ up. Stallman provided the philosphical basis that attracts me to
+ Free Software and that drives me towards writing a document to
+ make sure it succeeds. RMS can always be emailed at <email>rms
+ (at) gnu (dot) org</email>.
</para>
+
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: feedback -->
<title>Feedback</title>
<para>
- Feedback is most certainly welcome for this document. Without
- your submissions and input, this document wouldn't exist. Please
- send your additions, comments and criticisms to the following
- email address : <email>sgjoen@nyx.net</email>.
+ Feedback is most certainly welcome for this document. Without your
+ submissions and input, this document wouldn't exist. Something
+ missing? Don't hesitate to contact me and to write a chapter. I
+ want this document to be as much a product of the Free Software
+ development process that it heralds and I think its ultimate
+ success will be rooted in this fact. Please send your additions,
+ comments and criticisms to the following email address :
+ <email>mako (at) debian (dot) org</email>.
</para>
</sect2>
<title>Translations</title>
<para>
- Not everyone speaks English, pointers to translations are nice.
- Also your translators tend to give very important inputs.
+ I know that not everyone speaks English. Translations are nice and
+ I'd love for this HOWTO to gain the kind of international reach
+ afforded by a translated version.
</para>
-
<para>
- <itemizedlist>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="http://linuxdoc.org/">German Translation</ulink>
- by <email>someone (at) somewhere.de</email>
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="http://linuxdoc.org/">French Translation</ulink>
- by <email>someone (at) somewhere.fr</email>
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="http://linuxdoc.org/">Italian Translation</ulink>
- by <email>someone (at) somewhere.it</email>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
+ However, this HOWTO is still young and I have to yet to be
+ contacted about a translation so English is all that is
+ available. If you would like to help with or do a translation, you
+ will gain my utmost respect and admiration and you'll get to be
+ part of a cool process. If you are at all interested, please don't
+ hesitate to contact me at: <email>mako (at) debian (dot)
+ org</email>.
</para>
</sect2>
-
</sect1>
<!-- Section1: intro: END -->
<sect1 id="starting">
<title>Starting a Project</title>
+ <indexterm>
+ <primary>fswd!starting</primary>
+ </indexterm>
+ <para>
+ With very little argument, starting a project is most difficult
+ part of successful free software development. Laying a firm
+ foundation for your project will determine whether your project
+ flourishes or withers away and dies. It is also the subject that is
+ of most immediate interest to anyone reading this document as a
+ tutorial.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Starting a project also involves a dilemna that you as a developer
+ must try and deal with. No potential user for your program will be
+ interested by a program that doesn't work. Simultaneously, the
+ development process that you want to employ holds involvement of
+ users as essential to the process of the development that will
+ realize this working software.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ It is in these dangerous initial moments that anyone working to
+ start a free software project must strike a balance. One of the
+ most important ways that omeone trying to start a project can work
+ towards this balance is by establishing a framework for the
+ development process through some of the ways mentioned in this
+ section.
+ </para>
+
+
<!-- Section2: chooseproject-->
<sect2 id="chooseproject">
<title>Choosing a Project</title>
+
+ <para>
+ If you are reading this document, there's a good chance you
+ already have an idea for a project in mind. Chances are pretty
+ good, it fills a gap by doing something that no other free
+ software process does or or does it in a way that is unique
+ enought to necessitate a seperate project.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect3 id=identifyidea>
+ <title>Indentify and Articulate Your Idea</title>
+ <para>
+ Eric S. Raymond writes about how free software projects start in
+ his paper, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" which comes as required
+ reading for any free softare development. You can find it online
+ at <ulink url="http://www.tuxedo.org/!esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/">
+ http://www.tuxedo.org/!esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/</ulink>.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ In "The Cathedral and Bazaar," Raymond tells us that:
+ <emphasis>Every good work of software starts by scratching a
+ developers itch.</emphasis> Raymond now widely accepted
+ hypothesis is that new free software programs are written, first
+ and foremost, to solve a specific problem facing the developer.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If you have an idea for a program in mind, chances are good that
+ it it is targetting a specific problem or itch you want to see
+ scratched. <emphasis>This idea is the project. Articulate it
+ clearly. Write it out. Describe the problem you will attack in
+ detail. The success of your project in tackling a particular
+ problem will be tied to your ability to identify that problem
+ early on. Find out exactly what it is that you want your project
+ to do.</emphasis>
+ </para>
+ </sect3>
+
+ <sect3 id=evalulateidea>
+ <title>Evaluate Your Idea</title>
+
+ <para>
+ In evaluating your idea, you need to ask yourself questions.
+ Before you move any further into this HOWTO, you need to
+ determine if the free software development model really is the
+ right one for your project. Obviously, since the program
+ scratches your itch, you are definately interested in seeing it
+ implemented in code. But, because one hacker coding alone fails
+ to qualify as a free software development effort, you need to ask
+ yourself the question: <emphasis>Is anybody else
+ interested?</emphasis>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Sometimes the answer is <emphasis>no</emphasis>. If you want to
+ write a set of scripts to sort <emphasis>your</emphasis> MP3
+ collection on your machine, maybe the free software development
+ model is not the best one to choose. However, if you want to
+ write a set of scripts to sort <emphasis>anyone's</emphasis>
+ MP3s, a free software project might fill a useful gap.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ Luckily, The Internet is a place so big and diverse that, chances
+ are, there is someone, somewhere, who shares your interests and
+ how feels the same itch. It is the fact that there are so many
+ people with so many similar needs and desires that introduces the
+ second major question: <emphasis>Has somebody already had your
+ idea or a reasonably similar one?</emphasis>
+ </para>
+
+ <sect4 id=evalwhere>
+ <title>Finding Similar Projects</title>
+
+ <para>
+ There are places you can go on the web to try and answer this
+ question. If you have experience with the free software
+ community, you are probably already familiar with all of these
+ sites. All of the resources listed bellow offer searching of
+ their databases:
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ <variablelist>
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>freshmeat.net</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Located at at <ulink url="http://freshmeat.net">
+ http://freshmeat.net</ulink>, freshmeat describes itself as,
+ <quote>the Web's largest index of Linux and Open Source
+ software</quote> and its reputation along these lines remains
+ unquestioned. If you can't find it on freshmeat, its doubtful
+ that you'll find it indexed anywhere else.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Slashdot</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Located at <ulink url="http://slashdot.org">
+ http://slashdot.org</ulink>, Slashdot provides <quote>News
+ for Nerds: Stuff that Matters,</quote> which usually includes
+ discussion of free software, open source, technology, and
+ geek culture new and events. It is not unusual for an
+ particularly sexy develpment effort to be announced here so
+ it definately worth checking.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>SourceForge</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Located at <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net">
+ http://sourceforge.net</ulink>, SourceForge houses and
+ facilitates a growning number of open source and free
+ software projects, SourceForge is quickly becoming a nexus
+ and an necessary stop for free software
+ developers. SourceForge's
+ <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/softwaremap/trove_list.php">
+ software map</ulink> and <ulink
+ url="http://sourceforge.net/new/"> new releases</ulink>
+ pages. should be necessary stops before embarking on a new
+ free software project. SourceForge also provides a
+ <emphasis>Code Snippet Library</emphasis> at <ulink
+ url="http://sourceforge.net/snippet/">http://sourceforge.net/snippet/</ulink>
+ which contains useful reusuable chunks of code in an array
+ of langauges which can come in useful in any project.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ <varlistentry>
+ <term>Google and Google's Linux Search</term>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>
+ Located at <ulink url="http://www.google.com">
+ http://www.google.com</ulink> and
+ <ulink url="http://www.google.com/linux">
+ http://www.google.com/linux</ulink>, provide prowerful web
+ searches that may reveal people working on similar
+ projects. It is not a catalog of software or news like
+ freshmeat or Slashdot, but it is worth checking before you
+ begin pouring your effort into a redundant project.
+ </para>
+ </listitem>
+ </varlistentry>
+
+ </variablelist>
+ </para>
+ </sect4>
+
+ <sect4 id=evalhow>
+ <title>Deciding to Proceed</title>
+ <para>
+ Once you have successfull charted the terrain and have an idea
+ bout what kinds of similar free software projects exist, every
+ developer needs to decide whether to proceed with their own
+ project. It is rare that a new project seeks to accomplish a
+ goal that is not similar to related to the goal of another
+ project. Anyone starting a new project needs to ask themselves:
+ <emphasis>Will the new project be duplicating work done by
+ another project? Will the new project be competing for
+ developers with an existing project? Can the goals of the new
+ project be accomplished by adding functionality to an existing
+ project?</emphasis>
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ If the answer to any of these questions is yes, try to contact
+ the developer of the existing project in question and see if he
+ or she might be willing to collaborate with you.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+ This may be the single most difficult aspect of free software
+ development for many developers but it is essential. It is easy
+ to become fired up by and idea and be caught up in the momentum
+ and excitement of a new project. It is often extremely difficult
+ but it is important that any free software developer rememeber
+ that the best interests of the of the free software community
+ and the quickest way to accomplish ones own project's goals and
+ the goals of similar project can often be accomplished by
+ <emphasis>not</emphasis> starting a new project.
+ </para>
+
+ </sect4>
+ </sect3>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: chooselicense-->
<sect2 id="chooselicense">
<title>Deciding on a License</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: chooseversioning-->
<sect2 id="chooseversioning">
<title>Choosing a Method of Version Numbering</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: documentation-->
<sect2 id="documentation">
<title>Documentation</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: presentation -->
<sect2 id="presentation">
<title>Other Presentation Issues</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: futuredev -->
<sect2 id="futuredev">
<title>Nuturing Future Development</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="developers">
<title>Maintaining a Project: Interacting with Developers</title>
+></ulink>which
+ <indexterm>
+ <primary>fswd!developers</primary>
+ </indexterm>
<!-- Section2: delegation -->
<sect2 id="delegation">
<title>Delegating Work</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: branches -->
<sect2 id="branches">
<title>Stable and Development Branches</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: freezing -->
<sect2 id="freezing">
<title>Freezing</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: codecram -->
<sect2 id="codecram">
<title>Avoiding the Code Cram Effect</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: patching -->
<sect2 id="patching">
<title>Accepting and Rejecting Patches</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
<sect1 id="users">
<title>Maintaining a Project: Interacting with Users</title>
+ <indexterm>
+ <primary>fswd!users</primary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+
<!-- Section2: announcing -->
<sect2 id="announcing">
<title>Announcing Your Project</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
<!-- Section2: testing -->
<sect2 id="testing">
<title>Testing and Testers</title>
+ <para></para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
-<!-- Section1: samples -->
-
- <sect1 id="samples">
- <title>Samples</title>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>This section gives some simple SGML examples you could
- use. Read the SGML source to see how it was done.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Further information and examples can be obtained from the publication
- <ulink url="http://docbook.org/tdg/html/">DocBook: The Definitive
- Guide</ulink>. Written by <emphasis>Norman Walsh</emphasis>
- and <emphasis>Leonard Muellner</emphasis>; 1st Edition, October 1999.
- </para>
-
-<!-- Section2: lists -->
-
- <sect2 id="lists">
- <title>Lists</title>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Lists are used frequently, and are available in a number
- of formats shown below.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A list in which each entry is marked with a bullet or other dingbat:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <itemizedlist>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Apples</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Oranges</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Bananas</para>
- </listitem>
-
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A list in which each entry is composed of a set of one or more
- terms and an associated description:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <variablelist>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Fruits</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>such as apples, oranges, and more.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Nuts</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Don't eat too many; you are what you eat.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Vegetables</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>Potatos are spelled with care.</para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- </variablelist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A list in which each entry is marked with a sequentially
- incremented label:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Step one</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Step two</para>
- </listitem>
-
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: links -->
-
- <sect2 id="links">
- <title>Links</title>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Links can be used within your documents to refer to
- different sections and chapters or to refer to documents external
- to yours.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- <sect3 id="int-links">
- <title>Internal links</title>
-
- <para>
- Click on the <xref LinkEnd="samples"> link to jump to the top of
- this chapter. Note the anchor at the section tag.
- </para>
- </sect3>
-
- <sect3 id="ext-links">
- <title>External links</title>
-
- <para>
- Click on <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">this</ulink> link
- to jump to the LDP site. Note you can use http, ftp, news and
- other protocols in the locator if required.
- </para>
- </sect3>
-
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: images -->
-
- <sect2 id="images">
- <title>Images</title>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Avoid diagrams if possible as this cannot be rendered
- in the ASCII outputs which are still needed by many around the
- world.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <figure>
- <title>Graphics Test Image</title>
- <graphic FileRef="red.gif"></graphic>
- </figure>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Here is another variation which allows for ALT text:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <mediaobject>
-
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="green.gif" format="gif">
- </imageobject>
-
- <textobject>
- <phrase>
- ALT text to be used: Green Ball
- </phrase>
- </textobject>
-
- <caption>
- <para>
- Caption for the graphic goes here: This is a Green Ball.
- </para>
- </caption>
- </mediaobject>
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: samples: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: structure -->
-
- <sect1 id="structure">
- <title>Structure</title>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>A quick overview on how all parts fit together in the overall
- structure. An example from the Multi Disk HOWTO is used.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- As this type of document is supposed to be as much for learning as
- a technical reference document I have rearranged the structure to
- this end. For the designer of a system it is more useful to have
- the information presented in terms of the goals of this exercise
- than from the point of view of the logical layer structure of the
- devices themselves. Nevertheless this document would not be
- complete without such a layer structure the computer field is so
- full of, so I will include it here as an introduction to how it
- works.
- </para>
-
-<!-- Section2: logical-struct -->
-
- <sect2 id="logical-struct">
- <title>Logical structure</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!structure, I/O subsystem</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- This is based on how each layer access each other, traditionally
- with the application on top and the physical layer on the bottom.
- It is quite useful to show the interrelationship between each of
- the layers used in controlling drives.
-
- <screen>
- ___________________________________________________________
- |__ File structure ( /usr /tmp etc) __|
- |__ File system (ext2fs, vfat etc) __|
- |__ Volume management (AFS) __|
- |__ RAID, concatenation (md) __|
- |__ Device driver (SCSI, IDE etc) __|
- |__ Controller (chip, card) __|
- |__ Connection (cable, network) __|
- |__ Drive (magnetic, optical etc) __|
- -----------------------------------------------------------
- </screen>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- In the above diagram both volume management and RAID and
- concatenation are optional layers. The 3 lower layers are in
- hardware. All parts are discussed at length later on in this
- document.
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: doc-struct -->
-
- <sect2 id="doc-struct">
- <title>Document structure</title>
-
- <para>
- Most users start out with a given set of hardware and some plans
- on what they wish to achieve and how big the system should be.
- This is the point of view I will adopt in this document in
- presenting the material, starting out with hardware, continuing
- with design constraints before detailing the design strategy that
- I have found to work well. I have used this both for my own
- personal computer at home, a multi purpose server at work and
- found it worked quite well. In addition my Japanese co-worker in
- this project have applied the same strategy on a server in an
- academic setting with similar success.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Finally at the end I have detailed some configuration tables for
- use in your own design. If you have any comments regarding this
- or notes from your own design work I would like to hear from you
- so this document can be upgraded.
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: reading-plan -->
-
- <sect2 id="reading-plan">
- <title>Reading plan</title>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>As you go beyond 50 pages or so there will be a lot of
- text that experts and even the experienced do not need to read.
- Keeping in mind that we wish to care for all kinds of people in
- the Linux world we might have to make a reading plan. Again,
- an example follows from the Multi Disk HOWTO.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Although not the biggest HOWTO it is nevertheless rather big
- already and I have been requested to make a reading plan to make
- it possible to cut down on the volume.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <variablelist>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Expert</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- (aka the elite). If you are familiar with Linux as well as
- disk drive technologies you will find most of what you need in
- the appendices. Additionally you are recommended to read the
- FAQ and the <XRef LinkEnd="bits-n-pieces">chapter.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Experienced</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- (aka Competent). If you are familiar with computers in
- general you can go straight to the chapters on
- <XRef LinkEnd="technologies"> and continue from there on.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Newbie</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- (mostly harmless). You just have to read the whole thing.
- Sorry. In addition you are also recommended to read all the
- other disk related HOWTOs.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: structure: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: technologies -->
-
- <sect1 id="technologies">
- <title>Technologies</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!technologies</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Introduction of technology for the newbie with a few
- references to detailed works. Remember that not everyone has
- Internet access so you have to explain in sufficient details so
- even the newbie can get by.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: technologies: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: implement -->
-
- <sect1 id="implement">
- <title>Implementation</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!implementation</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Now your readers should have a sufficient knowledge of
- what this is about and now we come to the hands on of implementing
- your clever scheme.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: implement: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: maint -->
-
- <sect1 id="maint">
- <title>Maintenance</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!maintenance</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Few systems and designs are maintenance free, here you
- explain how to keep the system running.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: maint: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: adv-issues -->
-
- <sect1 id="adv-issues">
- <title>Advanced Issues</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!advanced topics</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>You can get most things up and running in a quick and
- dirty fashion, useful for testing and getting used to how things
- work. For more serious use you would need to be a little more
- advanced. This is the place to explain it all, if applicable.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: adv-issues: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: moreinfo -->
-
- <sect1 id="moreinfo">
- <title>Further Information</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!information resources</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>A HOWTO cannot describe everything, some times the user
- has to venture out on th enet to get more information or just
- updates. Here is the place to tell where and how. Again examples
- from the Multi Disk HOWTO, replace as needed.</emphasis> There is wealth
- of information one should go through when setting up a major system,
- for instance for a news or general Internet service provider. The
- FAQs in the following groups are useful:
- </para>
-
-<!-- Section2: newsgroups -->
-
- <sect2 id="newsgroups">
- <title>News groups</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!information resources!news groups</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>Some of the most interesting news groups are:
-
- <itemizedlist>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="news:comp.arch.storage">Storage</ulink>.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.storage">PC storage</ulink>.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="news:alt.filesystems.afs">AFS</ulink>.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="news:comp.periphs.scsi">SCSI</ulink>.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="news:comp.os.linux.setup">Linux setup</ulink>.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Most newsgroups have their own FAQ that are designed to answer most
- of your questions, as the name Frequently Asked Questions indicate.
- Fresh versions should be posted regularly to the relevant newsgroups.
- If you cannot find it in your news spool you could go directly to the
- <ulink url="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/">FAQ main archive FTP site</ulink>.
- The WWW versions can be browsed at the
- <ulink url="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/FAQ-List.html">FAQ
- main archive WWW site</ulink>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Some FAQs have their own home site, of particular interest:
-
- <itemizedlist>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="http://www.paranoia.com/~filipg/HTML/LINK/F_SCSI.html">SCSI FAQ</ulink>
- and
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <ulink url="http://alumni.caltech.edu/~rdv/comp_arch_storage/FAQ-1.html">comp.arch.storage FAQ</ulink>.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: maillists -->
-
- <sect2 id="maillists">
- <title>Mailing Lists</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!information resources!mailing lists</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- These are low-noise channels mainly for developers. Think twice
- before asking questions there as noise delays the development.
- Some relevant lists are <email>linux-raid</email>,
- <email>linux-scsi</email> and <email>linux-ext2fs</email>. Many
- of the most useful mailing lists run on the <Literal
- remap="tt">vger.rutgers.edu</Literal> server but this is
- notoriously overloaded, so try to find a mirror. There are some
- lists mirrored at <ulink url="http://www.redhat.com">The Redhat
- Home Page</ulink>. Many lists are also accessible at <ulink
- url="http://www.linuxhq.com/lnxlists">linuxhq</ulink>, and the
- rest of the web site contains useful information as well.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- If you want to find out more about the lists available you can send
- a message with the line <command>lists</command> to the list server
- at <email>majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu</email>.
- If you need help on how to use the mail server just send the line
- <command>help</command> to the same address. Due to the
- popularity of this server it is likely it takes a bit to time before
- you get a reply or even get messages after you send a
- <command>subscribe</command> command.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- There is also a number of other majordomo list servers that can
- be of interest such as the EATA driver list
- (<email>linux-eata@mail.uni-mainz.de</email>)
- and the Intelligent IO list <email>linux-i2o@dpt.com</email>.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Mailing lists are in a state of flux but you can find links to a
- number of interesting lists from the
- <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">Linux Documentation
- Homepage</ulink>.
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: howto -->
-
- <sect2 id="howto">
- <title>HOWTO</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!information resources!HOWTOs</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- These are intended as the primary starting points to get the
- background information as well as show you how to solve a
- specific problem. Some relevant HOWTOs are
- <Literal remap="tt">Bootdisk</Literal>,
- <Literal remap="tt">Installation</Literal>,
- <Literal remap="tt">SCSI</Literal> and
- <Literal remap="tt">UMSDOS</Literal>. The main site for these is the
- <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">LDP archive</ulink>at
- Metalab (formerly known as Sunsite).
- </para>
-
- <para>
- There is a a new HOWTO out that deals with setting up a DPT RAID
- system, check out the
- <ulink url="http://www.ram.org/computing/linux/dpt_raid.html">DPT RAID
- HOWTO homepage</ulink>.
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: local-res -->
-
- <sect2 id="local-res">
- <title>Local Resources</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!information resources!local</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- In most distributions of Linux there is a document directory
- installed, have a look in the <filename>/usr/doc</filename>
- directory. where most packages store their main documentation and
- README files etc. Also you will here find the HOWTO archive
- (<filename>/usr/doc/HOWTO</filename>) of ready formatted HOWTOs
- and also the mini-HOWTO archive
- (<filename>/usr/doc/HOWTO/mini</filename>) of plain text
- documents.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Many of the configuration files mentioned earlier can be found in
- the <filename>/etc</filename> directory. In particular you will
- want to work with the <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file that
- sets up the mounting of partitions and possibly also
- <filename>/etc/raidtab</filename> file that is used for the
- <Literal remap="tt">md</Literal> system to set up RAID.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- The kernel source in <filename>/usr/src/linux</filename> is, of
- course, the ultimate documentation. In other words, <quote>use
- the source, Luke</quote>. It should also be pointed out that the
- kernel comes not only with source code which is even commented
- (well, partially at least) but also an informative
- <filename>/usr/src/linux/Documentation</filename>. If you are
- about to ask any questions about the kernel you should read this
- first, it will save you and many others a lot of time and
- possibly embarrassment.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Also have a look in your system log file
- (<filename>/var/log/messages</filename>) to see what is going on
- and in particular how the booting went if too much scrolled off
- your screen. Using <command>tail -f /var/log/messages</command>
- in a separate window or screen will give you a continuous update
- of what is going on in your system.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- You can also take advantage of the <filename>/proc</filename>
- file system that is a window into the inner workings of your
- system. Use <command>cat</command> rather than
- <command>more</command> to view the files as they are reported as
- being zero length. Reports are that <command>less</command> works
- well here.
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
-<!-- Section2: web -->
-
- <sect2 id="web">
- <title>Web Sites</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!information resources!WWW</primary>
- </indexterm>
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!information resources!web pages</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- There are a huge number of informative web sites available. By
- their very nature they change quickly so do not be surprised
- if these links become quickly outdated.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A good starting point is of course the
- <ulink url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/">Linux Documentation
- Project</ulink> home page, an information central for
- documentation, project pages and much more.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Please let me know if you have any other leads that can be
- of interest.
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: moreinfo: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: help -->
-
- <sect1 id="help">
- <title>Getting Help</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!assistance, obtaining</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- In the end you might find yourself unable to solve your problems
- and need help from someone else. The most efficient way is either
- to ask someone local or in your nearest Linux user group, search
- the web for the nearest one.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Another possibility is to ask on Usenet News in one of the many,
- many newsgroups available. The problem is that these have such a
- high volume and noise (called low signal-to-noise ratio) that your
- question can easily fall through unanswered.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- No matter where you ask it is important to ask well or you will
- not be taken seriously. Saying just <emphasis remap="it">my disk
- does not work</emphasis> is not going to help you and instead the
- noise level is increased even further and if you are lucky someone
- will ask you to clarify.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Instead describe your problems in some detail that will enable
- people to help you. The problem could lie somewhere you did not
- expect. Therefore you are advised to list the following information
- about your system:
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <variablelist>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Hardware</Term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Processor</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>DMA</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>IRQ</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Chip set (LX, BX etc)</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Bus (ISA, VESA, PCI etc)</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Expansion cards used (Disk controllers, video, IO
- etc.)
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Software</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <itemizedlist>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>BIOS (On motherboard and possibly SCSI host adapters)</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>LILO, if used</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Linux kernel version as well as possible modifications
- and patches
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Kernel parameters, if any</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Software that shows the error (with version number
- or date)
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
-
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- <varlistentry>
- <term>Peripherals</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <itemizedlist>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Type of disk drives with manufacturer name, version and type
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Other relevant peripherals</para>
- </listitem>
-
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
-
- </variablelist>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- Remember that booting text is logged to
- <filename>/var/log/messages</filename> which can answer most of
- the questions above. Obviously if the drives fail you might not be
- able to get the log saved to disk but you can at least scroll
- back up the screen using the <keycap>SHIFT</keycap> and
- <keycap>PAGE UP</keycap> keys. It may also be useful to include
- part of this in your request for help but do not go overboard,
- keep it <emphasis>brief</emphasis> as a complete log file dumped
- to Usenet News is more than a little annoying.
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: help: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: remarks -->
-
- <sect1 id="remarks">
- <title>Concluding Remarks</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!conclusion</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Just summing up... Also a place for general
- recommendations.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: remarks: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: faq -->
-
- <sect1 id="faq">
- <title>Questions and Answers</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!FAQ</primary>
- </indexterm>
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!frequently asked questions</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Check the newsgroups and try to determine some frequent
- problems and cover them here. Again an example from the Multi Disk
- HOWTO.</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- <para>
- This is just a collection of what I believe are the most common
- questions people might have. Give me more feedback and I will turn
- this section into a proper FAQ.
- </para>
-
- <para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Q:How many physical disk drives (spindles) does a Linux system need?
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A: Linux can run just fine on one drive (spindle). Having
- enough RAM (around 32 MB, and up to 64 MB) to support swapping
- is a better price/performance choice than getting a second
- disk. (E)IDE disk is usually cheaper (but a little slower) than
- SCSI.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Q: Are there any disadvantages in this scheme?
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A: There is only a minor snag: if even a single partition
- overflows the system might stop working properly. The severity
- depends of course on what partition is affected. Still this is
- not hard to monitor, the command <command>df</command> gives
- you a good overview of the situation. Also check the swap
- partition(s) using <command>free</command> to make sure you are
- not about to run out of virtual memory.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>
- Q: OK, so should I split the system into as many partitions as
- possible for a single drive?
- </para>
-
- <para>
- A: No, there are several disadvantages to that. First of all
- maintenance becomes needlessly complex and you gain very little
- in this. In fact if your partitions are too big you will seek
- across larger areas than needed. This is a balance and
- dependent on the number of physical drives you have.
- </para>
- </listitem>
-
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <comment>
- Greg Leblanc: Depending on how big this FAQ gets, perhaps it
- would be worthwhile to have, say, the 5 most FAQ, and put the
- rest into an external FAQ. Dunno. Comments?
- </comment>
-
- <emphasis>(rest deleted.)</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: faq: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: bits-n-pieces -->
-
- <sect1 id="bits-n-pieces">
- <title>Bits and Pieces </title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>disk!miscellaneous</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- This is basically a section where I stuff all the bits I have not
- yet decided where should go, yet that I feel is worth knowing
- about. It is a kind of transient area.
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: bits-n-pieces: END -->
-
-
-<!-- Section1: examples -->
-
- <sect1 id="examples">
- <title>Examples</title>
-
- <indexterm>
- <primary>(your index root)!examples</primary>
- </indexterm>
-
- <para>
- <emphasis>Example designs and sample configuration files and other
- relevant details is always handy</emphasis>
- </para>
-
- </sect1>
-
-<!-- Section1: examples: END -->
-
</article>
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