From bf69393068734710ae2f9e683ef890ef6786c27a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Benj. Mako Hill" Date: Sat, 4 Jun 2005 00:08:42 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 1/1] Changing the Name of the HOWTO files in the CVS repository. Author: mako Date: 2001/05/05 15:47:33 Changing the Name of the HOWTO files in the CVS repository. --- FreeSoftwareDevelopmentHOWTO.sgml | 3097 ----------------------------- 1 file changed, 3097 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 FreeSoftwareDevelopmentHOWTO.sgml diff --git a/FreeSoftwareDevelopmentHOWTO.sgml b/FreeSoftwareDevelopmentHOWTO.sgml deleted file mode 100644 index 6d4bd70..0000000 --- a/FreeSoftwareDevelopmentHOWTO.sgml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3097 +0,0 @@ - - -
- - - - - Free Software Development HOWTO - - - Benjamin - Mako - Hill - -
- mako@debian.org -
- - - - - v0.2.1 - 10 April 2001 - bch - - - - - - v0.2 - 8 April 2001 - bch - - - - v0.01 - 27 March 2001 - bch - Initial Release - - - - - - fswd - - - - This HOWTO is designed for people with experience in programming - and some skills in managing a software project but who are new to - the world of free software. This document is meant to act as a - guide to the non-technical aspects of free software development - and was written to be a crash course in the people skills that - aren't taught to commercial coders but that can make or break a - free software project. - - - - - - - - - Introduction - - - fswd!introduction - - - - Skimming through freshmeat.net provides mountains of reasons for this - HOWTO's existence--the Internet is littered with excellently - written and useful programs that have faded away into the universe - of free software forgottenness. This dismal scene made me ask - myself, "Why?" - - - - This HOWTO tries to do a lot of thing (probably too many), but it - can't answer that question and won't attempt it. What this HOWTO - will attempt to do is give your Free Software project a fighting - chance--an edge. If you write a piece of crap that no one is - interested in, you can read this HOWTO until you can recite it in - your sleep and your project will probably fail. Then again, you can - write a beautiful, relevant piece of software and follow every - instruction in this HOWTO and your software may still not make - it. Sometimes life is like that. However, I'll go out a limb and - say that if you write a great, relevant pieces of software and - ignore the advise in this HOWTO, you'll probably fail - more often. - - - - A lot of the information in this HOWTO is best called common - sense. Of course, as any debate on interfaces will prove, what is - common sense to some programmers proves totally unintuitive to - others. After explaining bits and pieces of this HOWTO to Free - Software developers on several occasions, I realized that writing - this HOWTO might provide a useful resource and a forum for - programmers to share ideas about what has and has not worked for - them. - - - - As anyone involved in any of what seems like an unending parade of - ridiculous intellectual property clashes will attest to, a little - bit of legalese proves important. - - - - - - Copyright Information - - - This document is copyrighted (c) 2000 Benjamin (Mako) Hill and is - distributed under the terms of the Linux Documentation Project - (LDP) license, stated below. - - - - Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by - their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced - and distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or - electronic, as long as this copyright notice is retained on all - copies. Commercial redistribution is allowed and encouraged; - however, the author would like to be notified of any such - distributions. - - - - All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works - incorporating any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this - copyright notice. That is, you may not produce a derivative work - from a HOWTO and impose additional restrictions on its - distribution. Exceptions to these rules may be granted under - certain conditions; please contact the Linux HOWTO coordinator at - the address given below. - - - - In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information - through as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to - retain copyright on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be - notified of any plans to redistribute the HOWTOs. - - - - If you have any questions, please contact - linux-howto@metalab.unc.edu - - - - - - - Disclaimer - - - No liability for the contents of this documents can be accepted. - Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk. As - this is a new edition of this document, there may be errors and - inaccuracies, that may of course be damaging to your system. - Proceed with caution, and although this is highly unlikely, the - author(s) do not take any responsibility for that. - - - - All copyrights are held by their by their respective owners, unless - specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document - should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark - or service mark. - - - - Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen - as endorsements. - - - - You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system - before major installation and backups at regular intervals. - - - - - - - New Versions - - - fswd!news on - - - - This is the second pre-release of this HOWTO. It is written to be - released to developers for critique and brainstorming and - submitted to Hampshire College for academic credit. Please keep in - mind that this version of the HOWTO is still in an infant stage - and will be revised extensively before it gets publicized widely. - - - - The latest version number of this document should always be listed - on the projects - homepage hosted by Debian. - - - - The newest version of this HOWTO will always be made available at - the same website, in a variety of formats: - - - - - - - - HTML. - - - - - - - HTML (single page). - - - - - - plain text. - - - - - - Compressed postscript. - - - - - - Compressed SGML source. - - - - - - - - - - Credits - - - In this version I have the pleasure of acknowledging: - - - - Josh Crawford, Andy King, and Jaime Davila who all read through - this beast and gave me feedback that has helped me make changes - and improvements to this document. I can't thank you guys enough - for your help. - - - - Karl Fogel, the author of Open - Source Development with CVS published by the Coriolis - Open Press. Large parts of his book are available on the web. 225 pages of - the book are available under the GPL and constitute the best - tutorial on CVS I've ever seen. The rest of the book covers, "the - challenges and philosophical issues inherent in running an Open - Source project using CVS." The book does a good job of covering - some of the subjects brought up in this HOWTO and much - more. The book's - website has information on ordering the book and provides - several translations of the chapters on CVS. If you are seriously - interested in running a Free Software project, you want this - book. I tried to mention Fogel in sections of this HOWTO where I - knew I was borrowing directly from his ideas. If I missed any, I'm - sorry. I'll try and have those fixed in future versions. - - - - Karl Fogel can be reached at kfogel (at) red-bean (dot) - com - - - - Also providing support material, and inspiration for this HOWTO is - Eric S. Raymond for his prolific, consistent, and carefully - crafted arguments and Lawrence Lessig for reminding me of the - importance of Free Software. Additionaly, I want to thank every - user and developer involved with the Debian Project. The project - has provided me with a home, a place to practice free software - advocacy, a place to make a difference, a place to learn from - those how have been involved with the movement much longer than I, - and proof of a free software project that definitely, definitely - works. - - - - Above all, I want to thank Richard Stallman - for his work at the Free Software Foundation and for never giving - up. Stallman provides and articulates the philosophical basis that - attracts me to free software and that drives me towards writing a - document to make sure it succeeds. RMS can always be emailed at - rms (at) gnu (dot) org. - - - - - - - - Feedback - - - Feedback is always and most certainly welcome for this - document. Without your submissions and input, this document - wouldn't exist. Do you feel that something is missing? Don't - hesitate to contact me to have me write a chapter, section, or - subsection or to write one yourself. I want this document to be a - product of the Free Software development process that it heralds - and I believe that its ultimate success will be rooted in its - ability to do this. Please send your additions, comments, and - criticisms to the following email address: - mako@debian.org. - - - - - - - Translations - - - I know that not everyone speaks English. Translations are nice and - I'd love for this HOWTO to gain the kind of international reach - afforded by translated versions. - - - - However, this HOWTO is still young and I have to yet to be - contacted about a translation so English is all that is currently - available. If you would like to help with or do a translation, you - will gain my utmost respect and admiration and you'll get to be - part of a cool process. If you are at all interested, please don't - hesitate to contact me at: mako@debian.org. - - - - - - - - - - Starting a Project - - - fswd!starting - - - With very little argument, the beginning is the most difficult part - of successful free software development. Laying a firm foundation - will determine whether your project flourishes or withers away and - dies. It is also the subject that is of most immediate interest to - anyone reading this document as a tutorial. - - - - Starting a project involves a dilemma that you as a developer must - try and deal with: no potential user for your program is interested - in a program that doesn't work while the development process that - you want to employ holds involvement of users as imperative. - - - - It is in these dangerous initial moments that anyone working to - start a free software project must try and strike a balance along - these lines. One of the most important ways that someone trying to - start a project can work towards this balance is by establishing a - solid framework for the development process through some of the - suggestions mentioned in this section. - - - - - - - Choosing a Project - - - If you are reading this document, there's a good chance you - already have an idea for a project in mind. Chances are also - pretty good that it fills a percieved gap by doing something that - no other free software project does or by doing something in a way - that is unique enough to necessitate a brand new piece of - software. - - - - Identify and articulate your idea - - Eric S. Raymond writes about how free software projects start in - his essay, The - Cathedral and the Bazaar, which comes as required - reading for any free software developer. It is available online . - - - - In The Cathedral and the Bazaar, Raymond tells us - that: every good work of software starts by scratching - a developers itch. Raymond's now widely accepted - hypothesis is that new free software programs are written, first - and foremost, to solve a specific problem facing the developer. - - - - If you have an idea for a program in mind, chances are good that - it targets a specific problem or itch you want to - see scratched. This idea is the project. - Articulate it clearly. Write it out. Describe the problem you - will attack in detail. The success of your project in tackling a - particular problem will be tied to your ability to identify that - problem clearly early on. Find out exactly what it is that you - want your project to do. - - - - Monty Manley articulates the importance of this initial step in - an essay, Managing - Projects the Open Source Way. As the next section - will show, there is a lot of work that needs - to be done before software is even ready to be coded. Manley - says, Beginning an OSS project properly means that a - developer must, first and foremost, avoid writing code too - soon! - - - - - Evaluate your idea - - - In evaluating your idea, you need to first ask yourself a few - questions. This should happen before you move any further - through this HOWTO. Ask yourself: Is the free software - development model really is the right one for your - project? - - - - Obviously, since the program scratches your itch, you are - definitely interested in seeing it implemented in code. But, - because one hacker coding in solitude fails to qualify as a free - software development effort, you need to ask yourself a second - question: Is anybody else interested? - - - - Sometimes the answer is a simple no. If you want - to write a set of scripts to sort your - MP3 collection on your - machine, maybe the free software development - model is not the best one to choose. However, if you want to - write a set of scripts to sort anyone's - MP3s, a free software project might fill a - useful gap. - - - - Luckily, The Internet is a place so big and so diverse that, - chances are, there is someone, somewhere, who shares your - interests and how feels the same itch. It is the - fact that there are so many people with so many similar needs and - desires that introduces the third major question: Has - somebody already had your idea or a reasonably similar - one? - - - - Finding Similar Projects - - - There are places you can go on the web to try and answer the - question above. If you have experience with the free software - community, you are probably already familiar with many of these - sites. All of the resources listed bellow offer searching of - their databases: - - - - - - freshmeat.net - - freshmeat.net - describes itself as, the Web's largest index of Linux - and Open Source software and its reputation along - these lines is totally unparalleled and unquestioned. If you - can't find it on freshmeat, its doubtful that you (or anyone - else) will find it at all. - - - - - Slashdot - - Slashdot - provides News for Nerds: Stuff that Matters, - which usually includes discussion of free software, open - source, technology, and geek culture new and events. It is - not unusual for an particularly sexy development effort to be - announced here so it definitely worth checking. - - - - - SourceForge - - SourceForge - houses and facilitates a growing number of open source and - free software projects. It is also quickly becoming a nexus - and an necessary stop for free software - developers. SourceForge's software - map and new - release pages should be necessary stops before - embarking on a new free software project. SourceForge also - provides a at Code Snippet - Library which contains useful reusable chunks of code - in an array of languages which can come in useful in any - project. - - - - - Google and Google's Linux Search - - Google and - Google's Linux - Search, provide powerful web searches that may reveal - people working on similar projects. It is not a catalog of - software or news like freshmeat or Slashdot, but it is worth - checking to make sure you aren't pouring your effort into a - redundant project. - - - - - - - - - Deciding to Proceed - - Once you have successfully charted the terrain and have an idea - about what kinds of similar free software projects exist, every - developer needs to decide whether to proceed with their own - project. It is rare that a new project seeks to accomplish a - goal that is not at all similar or related to the goal of - another project. Anyone starting a new project needs to ask - themselves: Will the new project be duplicating work done - by another project? Will the new project be competing for - developers with an existing project? Can the goals of the new - project be accomplished by adding functionality to an existing - project? - - - - If the answer to any of these questions is yes, - try to contact the developer of the existing project(s) in - question and see if he or she might be willing to collaborate - with you. - - - - For many developers this may be the single most difficult aspect - of free software development but it is an essential one. It is - easy to become fired up by an idea and be caught up in the - momentum and excitement of a new project. It is often extremely - difficult to do but, it is important that any free software - developer remember that the best interests of the free software - community and the quickest way to accomplish your own project's - goals and the goals of similar projects can often be - accomplished by not starting a new - development effort. - - - - - - - - - - Naming your project - - - While there are plenty of projects that fail with descriptive - names and plenty that succeed without them, I think naming your - project is worth giving a bit of thought. Leslie Orchard tackles - this issue in an Advogato - article. His article is short and definately worth looking - over quickly. - - - - The synopsis is that Orchard recommends you pick a name where, - after hearing the name, many users or developers will both: - - - - - - Know what the project does. - - - Remember it tomorrow. - - - - - - Humorously, Orchard's project, Iajitsu, does - neither. It is probably unrelated that development has effectively - frozen since the article was written. - - - - He makes a good point though. There are companies whose only job - is to make names for pieces of software. They make - ridiculous amount of money doing it and are - supposedly worth it. While you probably can't aford a company like - this, you can afford to learn from their existance and think a - little bit about the name you are giving your project because it - does matter. - - - - If there is a name you really want but it doesn't fit Orchard's - criteria, you can still go ahead. I thought gnubile - was one of the best I'd heard for a free software project ever and - I still talk about it long after I've stopped using the - program. However, if you can flexible on the subject, listen to - Orchard's advice. It might help you. - - - - - - - Licensing your Software - - - On one (somewhat simplistic) level, the difference between a piece - of free software and a piece of propriety software is the - license. A license helps you as the developer by protecting your - legal rights to have your software distributed under your terms - and helps demonstrate to those who wish to help you or your - project that they are encouraged to join. - - - - Choosing a license - - - Any discussion of licenses is also sure to generate at least a - small flame war as there are strong feelings that some free - software licenses are better than others. This discussion also - brings up the question of Open Source Software and - the debate over the terms Open Source Software and - Free Software. However, because I've written the - Free Software Development HOWTO and not the Open Source - Development HOWTO, my own allegiances in this argument are in the - open. - - - - In attempting to reach a middle ground through diplomacy without - sacrificing my own philosophy, I will recommend picking any - license that conforms to the Debian Free Software - Guidelines. Originally compiled by the Debian project - under Bruce Perens, the DFSG forms the first - version of the Open - Source Definition. Examples of free licenses given by the - DFSG are the GPL, the - BSD, and the Artistic License. - - - - Conforming to the definition of free software offered by Richard - Stallman in The Free - Software Definition, any of these licenses will - uphold, users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, - change and improve the software. There are plenty of - other licenses that also conform to the DFSG - but sticking with a more well-known license will offer the advantage - of immediate recognition and understanding. - - - - In attempting a more in-depth analysis, I agree with Karl Fogel's - description of licenses as falling into two groups: those that - are the GPL and those that are not the - GPL. - - - - Personally, I license all my software under the - GPL. Created and protected by the Free - Software Foundation and the GNU Project, the - GPL is the license for the Linux kernel, - GNOME, Emacs, and the vast majority of GNU/Linux software. It's - the obvious choice but I believe it is a good one. Any BSD - fanatic will urge you to remember that there is a viral aspect to - the GPL that prevents the mixture of - GPL'ed code with non-GPL'ed - code. To many people (myself included), this is a benefit, but to - some, it is a major drawback. - - - - The three major licenses can be found at the following locations: - - - - - - The GNU - General Public License - - - The - BSD License - - - The Artistic - License - - - - - - In any case, please read through any license before - your release your software under it. As the primary developer, - you can't afford any license surprises. - - - - - The mechanics of licensing - - - The text of the GPL offers a good - description of the mechanics of applying a license to a - piece of software. My quick checklist for applying a license - includes: - - - - - - - If at all possible, attach and distribute a full copy of - the license with the source and binary by including a separate - file. - - - - At the top of each source file in your program, attach a - notice of copyright and include information on where the full - license can be found. The GPL recommends - that each file begin with: - - -one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does. -Copyright (C) yyyy name of author - -This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or -modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License -as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 -of the License, or (at your option) any later version. - -This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, -but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the -GNU General Public License for more details. - -You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software -Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. - - - - The GPL goes on to recommend attaching - information on methods for contacting you (the author) via - email or physical mail. - - - - - - The GPL continues and suggests that if your - program runs in an interactive mode, you should write the - program to output a notice each time it enters interactive - mode that includes a message like this one that points to full - information about the programs license: - - - -Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author -Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details -type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome -to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' -for details. - - - - - Finally, it might be helpful to include a - copyright disclaimer from an employer or a - school if you work as a programmer or if it seems like your - employer or school might be able to make an argument for - ownership of your code later on. These aren't often needed but - there are plenty of free software developers who have gotten - into trouble and wish they'd asked for one. - - - - - - - - Final license warning - - - Please, please, please, place your software under - some license. It may not seem important, and - to you it may not be, but licenses are - important. For a piece of software to be included in the Debian - GNU/Linux distribution, it must have a license that fits the - Debian Free - Software Guidelines. If your software has no license, it - can not be distributed as a package in Debian until you - re-release it under a free license. Please save yourself and - others trouble by releasing the first version of your software - with a clear license. - - - - - - - - - - Choosing a Method of Version Numbering - - - The most important thing about a system of version - numbering is that there is one. It may seem pedantic to - emphasize this point but you'd be surprised at the number of - scripts and small programs that pop up without any version number - at all. - - - - The second most important thing about a system of - numbering is that the numbers always go up. Automatic - version tracking systems and people's sense of order in the - universe will fall apart if version numbers don't rise. It doesn't - really matter if 2.1 is a big jump and - 2.0.005 is a small jump but it does matter that 2.1 is more recent - than 2.0.005. - - - - Follow these two simple rules and you will not go (too) - wrong. Beyond this, the most common technique seems to be the - major level, minor level, - patch level version numbering scheme. Whether you - are familiar with the name or not, you interact with it all the - time. The first number is the major number and it signifies major - changes or rewrites. The second number is the minor number and it - represents added or tweaked functionality on top of a largely - coherant structure. The third number is the patch number and it - usually will only refer to releases fixing bugs. - - - - The widespread use of this scheme is why I know the nature and - relative degree in the differences between a 2.4.12 release of the - Linux kernel and a 2.4.11, 2.2.12, and 1.2.12 without knowning - anything about any of the releases. - - - - You can bend or break these rules, and people do. But beware, if - you choose to, someone will get annoyed, assume you don't know, - and try and educate you, probably not nicely. I always follow this - method and I implore you to do so as well. - - - - There are several version numbering systems that are well known, - useful, and that might be worth looking into before you release - your first version. - - - - - Linux kernel version numbering: - - The Linux kernel uses a versioning system where any odd - minor version number refers to an development or testing release - and any even minor version number refers to a stable - version. Think about it for a second. Under this system, 2.1 and - 2.3 kernels were and always will be development or testing - kernels and 2.0, 2.2. and 2.4 kernels are all production code - with a higher degree of stability and more testing. - - - - Whether you plan on having a split development model (as - described in ) or only one version - released at a time, my experience with several free software - projects and with the Debian project has taught me that use of - Linux's version numbering system is worth taking into - consideration. In Debian, all minor - versions are stable distributions (2.0, 2.1, etc). However, - many people assume that 2.1 is an unstable or development - version and continue to use an older version until they get so - frustrated with the lack of development progress that they - complain and figure the system out. If you never release an odd - minor version but only release even ones, nobody is hurt, and - less people are confused. It's an idea worth taking into - consideration. - - - - - - Wine version numbering: - - Because of the unusual nature of wine's development where - the not-emulator is constantly improving but not working towards - any immediately achievable goal, wine is released every three - weeks. Wine does this by labeling their releases in Year - Month Day format where each release might be labeled - wine-XXXXXXXX where the version from January 04, - 2000 would be wine-20000104. For certain - projects, Year Month Day format can make a lot of - sense. - - - - - - Mozilla milestones: - - When one considers Netscape 6 and vendor versions, the - mozilla's project development structure is one of the most - complex free software models available. The project's version - numbering has reflected the unique situation in which it is - developed. - - - - Mozilla's version numbering structure has historically been - made up of milestones. From the beginning of the mozilla - project, the goals of the project in the order and degree to - which they were to be achieved were charted out on a series of - road - maps. Major points and achievements along these - road-maps were marked as milestones. Therefore, although - mozilla was built and distributed nightly as nightly - builds, on a day when the goals of a milestone on the - road-map had been reached, that particular build was marked as - a milestone release. - - - - While I haven't seen this method employed in any other projects - to date, I like the idea and think that it might have value in - any testing or development branch of a large application under - heavy development. - - - - - - - - - - - Documentation - - - A huge number of otherwise fantastic free software applications - have withered and died because their author was the only person - who knew how to use them fully. Even if your program is written - primarily for a techno-savvy group of users, documentation is - helpful and even necessary for the survival of your project. You - will learn later in that you should - always release something that is usable. A piece of - software without documentation is not usable. - - - - There are lots of different people you should document for and - there are lots of ways to document your project. The - importance of documentation in source code to help facilitate - development by a large community is vital but it falls - outside the scope of this HOWTO. This being the case, this section - deals with useful tactics for user-directed documentation. - - - - A combination of tradition and necessity has resulted in a - semi-regular system of documentation in most free software - projects that is worth following. Both users and developers expect - to be able to get documentation in several ways and it's essential - that you provide the information they are seeking in a form they - can read if your project is ever going to get off the - ground. People have come to expect: - - - - Man pages - - Your users will want to be able to type man - yourprojectname end up with a nicely formatted man page - highlighting the basic use of your application. Make sure that - before you release your program, you've planned for this. - - - - Man pages are not difficult to write. There is excellent - documentation on the man page writing process available through - the The Linux Man-Page-HOWTO which is available - through the Linux Documentation project (LDP) - and is written by Jens Schweikhardt. It is available from - Schweikhardt's site or from the - LDP. - - - - It is also possible to write man pages using DocBook - SGML. Because man pages are so simple and the DocBook method - relatively new, I have not been able to follow this up but would - love help from anyone who can give me more information on how - exactly how this is done. - - - - - Command line accessible documentation - - - Most users will expect some basic amount of documentation to be - easily available from the command line. For few programs should - this type of documentation extend for more than one screen (24 or - 25 lines) but it should cover the basic usage, a brief (one or - two sentence) description of the program, a list of the commands - with explanations, as well as all the major options (also with - explanations), plus a pointer to more in-depth documentation for - those who need it. The command line documentation for Debian's - apt-get serves as an excellent example and a useful model: - - - -apt 0.3.19 for i386 compiled on May 12 2000 21:17:27 -Usage: apt-get [options] command - apt-get [options] install pkg1 [pkg2 ...] - -apt-get is a simple command line interface for downloading and -installing packages. The most frequently used commands are update -and install. - -Commands: - update - Retrieve new lists of packages - upgrade - Perform an upgrade - install - Install new packages (pkg is libc6 not libc6.deb) - remove - Remove packages - source - Download source archives - dist-upgrade - Distribution upgrade, see apt-get(8) - dselect-upgrade - Follow dselect selections - clean - Erase downloaded archive files - autoclean - Erase old downloaded archive files - check - Verify that there are no broken dependencies - -Options: - -h This help text. - -q Loggable output - no progress indicator - -qq No output except for errors - -d Download only - do NOT install or unpack archives - -s No-act. Perform ordering simulation - -y Assume Yes to all queries and do not prompt - -f Attempt to continue if the integrity check fails - -m Attempt to continue if archives are unlocatable - -u Show a list of upgraded packages as well - -b Build the source package after fetching it - -c=? Read this configuration file - -o=? Set an arbitary configuration option, eg -o dir::cache=/tmp -See the apt-get(8), sources.list(5) and apt.conf(5) manual -pages for more information and options. - - - - It has become a GNU convention to make this type of information - accessible with the -h and the - --help options. Most GNU/Linux users will expect - to be able to retrieve basic documentation these ways so if you - choose to use different methods, be prepared for the flames and - fallout that may result. - - - - - Files users will expect - - In addition to man pages and command-line help, there are certain - files where people will look for documentation, especially in any - package containing source code. In a source distribution, most of - these files can be stored in a the root directory of the source - distribution or in a subdirectory of the root called - doc or Documentation. Common files - in these places include: - - - - - - README or Readme - - - A document containing all the basic installation, - compilation, and even basic use instructions that make up the - bare minimum information needed to get the program up and - running. A README is not your chance to be verbose but should - be concise and effective. An ideal README is at least 30 lines - long and more no more than 250. - - - - - INSTALL or Install - - - The INSTALL file should be much shorter than the README - file and should quickly and concisely describe how to build - and install the program. Usually an INSTALL file simply - instructs the user to run ./configure; make; make - install and touches on any unusual options or actions - that may be necessary. For most relatively standard install - procedures and for most programs, INSTALL files are as short - as possible are rarely over 100 lines. - - - - - CHANGELOG, Changelog, ChangeLog, or changelog - - - A CHANGELOG is a simple file that every well-managed - free software project should include. A CHANGELOG is simple - the file that, as its name implies, logs or documents the - changes you make to your program. The most simple way to - maintain a CHANGELOG is to simply keep a file with the source - code for your program and add a section to the top of the - CHANGELOG with each release describing what has been, changed, - fixed, or added to the program. It's a good idea to post the - CHANGELOG onto the website as well because it can help people - decide whether they want or need to upgrade to a newer version - or wait for a more significant improvement. - - - - - NEWS - - - A NEWS file and a ChangeLog are similar. Unlike a - CHANGELOG, a NEWS file is not typically updated with new - versions. Whenever new features are added, the developer - responisble will make a note in the NEWS file. NEWS files - should not have to be changed before a release (they should be - kept up to date all along) but it's usually a good idea to - check first anyway because often developers just forget to - keep them as current as they should. - - - - - FAQ - - - For those of you that don't already know, - FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions - and a FAQ is a collection of exactly that. FAQs are not - difficult to make. Simply make a policy that if you are asked - a question or see a question on a mailing list two or more - times, add the question (and its answer) to your FAQ. FAQs are - more optional than the files listed above but they can save - your time, increase usability, and decrease headaches on all - sides. - - - - - - - - - Website - - It's only indirectly an issue of documentation but a good website - is quickly becoming an essential part of any free software - project. Your website should provide access to your documentation - (in HTML if possible). It should also include - a section for news and events around your program and a section - that details the process of getting involved with development or - testing and make an open invitation. It should also supply links - to any mailing lists, similar websites, and provide a direct link - to all the available ways of downloading your software. - - - - - Other documentation hints - - - All your documentation should be in plaintext, or, in cases where - it is on your website primarily, in HTML. Everyone can cat a - file, everyone has a pager, (almost) everyone can render - HTML. You are welcome to distribute information in PDF, - PostScript, RTF, or any number of other widely used formats but - this information must also be available in plaintext or HTML or - people will be very angry at you. - - - - It doesn't hurt to distribute any documentation for your program - from your website (FAQs etc) with your program. Don't hesitate - throw any of this in the program's tarball. If people don't need - it, they will delete it. I can repeat it over and over: - Too much documentation is not a sin. - - - - - - - - Other Presentation Issues - - Many of the remaining issues surrounding the creation of a new - free software program fall under what most people describe as - common sense issues. Its often said that software engineering is - 90 percent common sense combined with 10 percent specialized - knowledge. Still, they are worth noting briefly in hopes that they - may remind a developer of something they may have forgotten. - - - - Package formats - - Package formats may differ depending on the system you are - developing for. For windows based software, Zip archives (.zip) - usually serve as the package format of choice. If you are - developing for GNU/Linux, *BSD, or any UN*X, make sure that your - source code is always available in tar'ed and gzip'ed format - (.tar.gz). UNIX compress (.Z) has gone out of style and - usefulness and faster computers have brought bzip2 (.bz2) into - the spot-light as a more effective compression medium. I now make - all my releases available in both gzip'ed and bzip2'ed tarballs. - - - - Binary packages should always be distribution specific. If you - can build binary packages against a current version of a major - distribution, you will only make your users happy. Try to foster - relationships with users or developers of large distributiosn to - develop a system for the consistent creation of binary - packages. It's often a good idea to provide RedHat - RPM's (.rpm), Debian deb's (.deb) and source - RPM's SRPM's if - possible. Remember: While these binaries packages are - nice, getting the source packaged and released should always be - your priority. Your users or fellow developers can and will do - the the binary packages for you. - - - - - Version control systems - - - A version control system can make a lot of these problems of - packaging (and a lot of other problems mentioned in this HOWTO) - less problematic. If you are using *NIX, CVS is your best bet. I - recommend Karl Fogel's book on the subject (and the posted HTML version) - wholeheartedly. - - - - CVS or not, you should probably invest some time into learning - about a version control system because it provides an automated - way of solving many of the problems described by this HOWTO. I - am not aware of any free version control systems for Windows or - MacOS but I know that CVS clients exist for both - platforms. Websites like SourceForge do a great job - as well with a nice, easy-to-use web interface to CVS. - - - - I'd love to devote more space in this HOWTO to CVS because I love - it (I even use CVS to keep versions straight on this HOWTO!) but - I think it falls outside the scope of this document and should - (already has) its own HOWTO. - - - - - - Useful tidbits and presentation hints - - - Other useful hints include: - - - - - - - - Make sure that your program can always be found in a - single location. Often this means that you have a - single directory accessible via FTP or the - web where the newest version can be quickly recognized. One - effective technique is a provide a symlink called - yourprojectname-latest that is always pointing - to the most recent released or development version of your - free software application. Keep in mind that this location - will recieve many requests for downloads around releases so - make sure that the server you choose has adequate bandwidth. - - - - - - Make sure that there is a consistent email address - for bug reports. It's usually a good idea to make - this something that is NOT your primary email address like - yourprojectname@host or yourprojectname-bugs@host. This way, - if you ever decide to hand over maintainership or if your - email address changes, you simply need to change where this - email address forwards. It also will allow for more than one - person to deal with the influx of mail that is created if your - project becomes as huge as you hope it will. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maintaining a Project: Interacting with Developers - - fswd!developers - - - - Once you have gotten your project started, you have overcome the - most difficult hurdles in the development process of your - program. Laying a firm foundation is essential, but the development - process itself is equally important and provides just as many - opportunities for failure. In the next two sections, I will - describe running a project by discussing how to maintain a - development effort through interactions with developers and with - users. - - - - In releasing your program, your program becomes free software. This - transition is more than just a larger user base. By releasing your - program as free software, your software - becomes the free software community's - software. The direction of your software's development will be - reshaped, redirected, and fully determined by your users and, to a - larger extent, by other developers in the community. - - - - The major difference between free software development and - propriety software development is the developer base. As the leader - of a free software project, you need to attract and keep developers - in a way that leaders of proprietary software projects simply don't - have to worry about. As the person leading development of - a free software project, you must harness the work of fellow - developers by making responsible decisions and by responsibly - choosing not to make decisions. You have to direct developers - without being overbearing or bossy. You need to strive to earn - respect and never forget to give it out. - - - - - - Delegating Work - - - By now, you've hypothetically followed me through the early - programming of a piece of software, the creation of a website and - system of documentation, and we've gone ahead and (as will be - discussed in ) released it to the rest - of the world. Times passes, and if things go well, people become - interested and want to help. The patches begin flowing in. - - - - Like the parent of any child who grows up, it's now time - to wince, smile and do most difficult thing in any parents - life: It's time to let go. - - - - Delegation is the political way of describing this process of - letting go. It is the process of handing some of - the responsibility and power over your project to other - responsible and involved developers. It is difficult for anyone - who has invested a large deal of time and energy into a project - but it essential for the growth of any free software project. One - person can only do so much. A free software project is nothing - without the involvement of a group of - developers. A group of developers can only be maintained through - respectful and responsible leadership and delegation. - - - - As your project progresses, you will notice people who are putting - significant amounts of time and effort into your project. These - will be the people submitting the most patches, posting most on - the mailing lists, and engaging in long email discussions. It is - your responsibility to contact these people and to try and shift - some of the power and responsibility of your position as the - project's maintainer onto them (if they want it). There are - several easy ways you can do this: - - - - In a bit of a disclaimer, delegation need not mean rule by - comittee. In many cases it does and this has been proven to - work. In other cases this has created problems. Managing - Projects the Open Source Way argues that OSS - projects do best when one person is the clear leader of a team and - makes the big decisions (design changes, release dates, and so - on). I think this often true but would urge developers to - consider the ideas that the project leader need not be the - project's founder and that these important powers need not all rest - with one person but that a release manager may be different than a - lead developer. These situations are tricky politically so - be careful and make sure it's necessary before you go around - empowering people. - - - - How to delegate - - - You may find that other developers seem even more experienced or - knowledgeable than you. Your job as a maintainer does not mean - you have to be the best or the brightest. It means you - are responsible for showing good judgment and for - recognizing which solutions are maintainable and which are not. - - - Like anything, its easier to watch others delegate than to do it - yourself. In a sentence: Keep an eye out for other - qualified developers who show an interest and sustained - involvement with your project and try and shift responsibility - towards them. The following ideas might be good places - to start or good sources of inspiration: - - - - Allow a larger group of people to have write access to your CVS - repository and make real efforts towards rule by a - committee - - - Apache is an - example of a project that is run by small group of developers - who vote on major technical issues and the admission of new - members and all have write access to the main source - repository. Their process is detailed online. - - - - The Debian Project - is an extreme example of rule by committee. At current count, - more than 700 developers have full responsibility for - aspects of the project. All these developers can upload into - the main FTP server, and vote on major issues. Direction for - the project is determined by the project's social - contract and a constitution. To - facilitate this system, there are special teams (i.e. the - install team, the Japanese language team) as well as a technical - committee and a project leader. The leader's main responsibility - is to, appoint delegates or delegate decisions to the - Technical Committee. - - - - While both of these projects operate on a scale that your - project will not (at least initially), their example is - helpful. Debian's idea of a project leader who can do - nothing but delegate serves as a - caricature of how a project can involve and empower a huge - number of developers and grow to a huge size. - - - - - - Publicly appoint someone as the release manager for a - specific release - - - A release manager is usually responsible for coordinating - testing, enforcing a code freeze, being responsible for - stability and quality control, packaging up the software, and - placing it in the appropriate places to be downloaded. - - - - This use of the release manager is a good way to give yourself a - break and to shift the responsibility for accepting and - rejecting patches onto someone else. It is a good way of very - clearly defining a chunk of work on the project as belonging to - a certain person and its a great way of giving yourself room to - breath. - - - - - Delegate control of an entire branch - - If your project chooses to have branches (as described in ), it might be a good idea to appoint someone - else to be the the head of a branch. If you like focusing your - energy on development releases and the implementation of new - features, hand total control over the stable releases to a - well-suited developer. - - - - The author of Linux, Linus Torvalds, came out and crowned Alan - Cox as the man for stable kernels. All patches - for stable kernels go to Alan and, if Linus were to be taken - away from work on Linux for any reason, Alan Cox would be more - than suited to fill his role as the acknowledged heir to the - Linux maintainership. - - - - - - - - - Accepting and Rejecting Patches - - This HOWTO has already touched on the fact that as the maintainer - of a free software project, one of your primary and most important - responsibilities will be accepting and rejecting patches submitted - to you by other developers. - - - - Technical judgment - - - In Open Source Development with CVS, Karl - Fogel makes a convincing argument that the most important things - to keep in mind when rejecting or accepting patches are: - - - - - - - A firm knowledge of the scope of your program (that's the - idea I talked about in ); - - - - The ability to recognize, facilitate, and direct - evolution of your program so that the program - can grow and change and incorporate functionality that was - originally unforeseen; - - - - The necessity to avoid digressions that might expand the - scope of the program too much and result and push the project - towards an early death under its own weight and - unwieldiness. - - - - - - - These are the criteria that you as a project maintainer should - take into account each time you receive a patch. - - - - Fogel elaborates on this and states the the - questions to ask yourself when considering whether to implement - (or approve) a change are: - - - - - - - Will it benefit a significant percentage of the program's - user community? - - - - Does it fit within the program's domain or within a - natural, intuitive extension of that domain? - - - - - - - The answers to these questions are never straightforward and its - very possible (and even likely) that the person who submitted the - patch may feel differently about the answer to these questions - than you do. However, if you feel that that the answer to either - of those questions is no, it is your responsibility - to reject the change. If you fail to do this, the project will - become unwieldy and unmaintainable and many ultimately fail. - - - - - Rejecting patches - - - Rejecting patches is probably the most difficult and sensitive - job that the maintainer of any free software project has to - face. But sometimes it has to be done. I mentioned earlier (in - and in ) - that you need to try and balance your responsibility and power to - make what you think are the best technical decisions with the - fact that you will lose support from other developers if you seem - like you are on a power trip or being overly bossy or possessive - of the community's project. I recommend that you keep these three - major concepts in mind when rejecting patches (or other changes): - - - - Bring it to the community - - One of the best ways of justifying a decision to reject a patch - and working to not seem like you keep an iron grip on your - project is by not making the decision alone at all. It might - make sense to turn over larger proposed changes or more - difficult decisions to a development mailing list where they can - be discussed and debated. There will be some patches (bug fixes, - etc.) which will definitely be accepted and some that you feel - are so offbase that they do not even merit further - discussion. It is those that fall into the grey area between - these two groups that might merit a quick forward to a mailing - list. - - - - I recommend this process wholeheartedly. As the project - maintainer you are worried about making the best decision for - the project, for the project's users and developers, and for - yourself as a responsible project leader. Turning things over to - an email list will demonstrate your own responsibility and - responsive leadership as it tests and serves the interests of - your software's community. - - - - - Technical issues are not always good justification - - Especially towards the beginning of your project's life, you - will find that many changes are difficult to implement, - introduce new bugs, or have other technical problems. Try to see - past these. Especially with added functionality, good ideas do - not always come from good programmers. Technical merit is a - valid reason to postpone an application of a patch but it is not - always a good reason to reject a change outright. Even small - changes are worth the effort of working with the developer - submitting the patch to iron out bugs and incorporate the change - if you think it seems like a good addition to your project. The - effort on your part will work to make your project a community - project and it will pull a new or less experienced developer - into your project and even teach them something that might help - them in making their next patch. - - - - - Common courtesy - - It should go without saying but, above all and in all - cases, just be nice. If someone has an idea and cares - about it enough to write some code and submit a patch, they - care, they are motivated, and they are already involved. Your - goal as the maintainer is make sure they submit again. They may - have thrown you a dud this time but next time may be the idea or - feature that revolutionizes your project. - - - - It is your responsibility to first justify your choice to not - incorporate their change clearly and concisely. Then thank - them. Let them know that you a appreciate their help and feel - horrible that you can't incorporate their change. Let them know - that you look forward to their staying involved and you hope - that the next patch or idea meshes better with your project - because you appreciate their work and want to see it in your - application. If you have ever had a patch rejected after putting - a large deal of time, thought, and energy into it, you remember - how it feels and it feels bad. Keep this in mind when you have - to let someone down. It's never easy but you need to do - everything you can to make it as not-unpleasant as possible. - - - - - - - - - Stable and Development Branches - - - The idea of stable and development branches has already been - described briefly in and in - . These allusions attest to some of - the ways that multiple branches can affect your software. Branches - can let you avoid (to some extent) some of the problems around - rejecting patches (as described in ) by - allowing you to temporarily compromise the stability of your - project without affecting those users who need that stability. - - - - The most common way of branching your project is to have one - branch that is stable and one that is for development. This is the - model followed by the Linux kernel that is described in . In this model, there is - always one branch that is stable and always - one that is in development. Before any new release, the - development branch goes into a feature freeze as - described in where major changes and - added features are rejected or put on hold under the development - kernel is released as the new stable branch and major development - resumes on the development branch. Bug fixes and small changes - that are unlikely to have any large negative repercussions are - incorporated into the stable branch as well as the development - branch. - - - - Linux's model provides an extreme example. On many projects, there is no - need to have two versions constantly available. It may make sense to - have two versions only near a release. The Debian project has - historically made both a stable and an unstable distribution - available but has expanded to this to include: stable, unstable, - testing, experimental, and (around release time) a frozen - distribution that only incorporates bug fixes during the - transition from unstable to stable. There are few projects whose - size would necessitate a system like Debian's but this use of - branches helps demonstrate how they can be used to balance - consistent and effective development with the need to make regular - and usable releases. - - - - In trying to set up a development tree for yourself, there are - several things that might be useful to keep in mind: - - - - - - - Minimize the number of branches - - Debian may be able to make good use of four or five - branches but it contains gigabytes of software in over 5000 - packages compiled for 5-6 different architectures. For you, - two is probably a good ceiling. Too many branches will confuse - your users (I can't count how many times I had to describe - Debian's system when it only had 2 and sometimes 3 branches!), - potential developers and even yourself. Branches can help but - they come at a cost so use them very sparingly. - - - - - Make sure that all your different branches are explained - - As I mentioned in the preceding paragraph, different - branches will confuse your users. Do - everything you can to avoid this by clearly explaining the - different branches in a prominent page on your website and in a - README file in the FTP or - web directory. - - - I might also recommend against a mistake that I think Debian - has made. The terms unstable, - testing, and experimental are - vague and difficult to rank in order of stability (or - instability as the case may be). Try explaining to someone - that stable actually means ultra - stable and that unstable doesn't - actually include any unstable software but is really stable - software that is untested as a distribution. - - - - If you are going to use branches, especially early on, keep in - mind that people are conditioned to understand the terms - stable and development and you - probably can't go wrong with this simple and common division of - branches. - - - - - - Make sure all your branches are always available - - Like a lot of this document, this should probably should - go without saying but experience has taught me that it's not - always obvious to people. It's a good idea to physically split - up different branches into different directories or directory - trees on your FTP or web site. Linux - accomplishes this by having kernels in a v2.2 and a v2.3 - subdirectory where it is immediately obvious (after you know - their version numbering scheme) which directory is for the most - recent stable and the current development releases. Debian - accomplishes this by naming all their distribution with names - (i.e. woody, potato, etc.) and then changing symlinks named - stable, unstable and - frozen to point to which ever distribution (by - name) is in whatever stage. Both methods work and there are - others. In any case, it is important that different branches - are always available, are accessible from consistent locations, - and that different branches are clearly distinguished from each - other so your users know exactly what they want and where to - get it. - - - - - - - - - - - - Other Development issues - - There are more issues surrounding interaction with developers in a - free software project that I can not touch on in great detail in a - HOWTO of this size and scope. Please don't hesitate to contact me if you see - any major omissions. - - - - Other smaller issues that are worth mentioning are: - - - - Freezing - - For those projects that choose to adopt a split development model - (), freezing is a concept that is worth - becoming familiar with. - - - - Freezes come in two major forms. A feature freeze - is a period when no significant functionality is added to a - program. It is a period where established functionality (even - skeletons of barely working functionality) can be improved and - perfected. It is a period where bugs are fixed. This type of - freeze is usually applied some period (a month or two) before a - release. It is easy to push a release back as you wait for - one more feature and a freeze helps to avoid this - situation by drawing the much needed line in the sand. It gives - developers room they need to get a program ready for release. - - - - The second type of freeze is a code freeze which - is much more like a released piece of software. Once a piece of - software has entered a code freeze, all changes to - the code are discouraged and only changes that fix known bugs - are permitted. This type of freeze usually follows a - feature freeze and directly precedes a - release. Most released software is in what could be interpreted - as a sort of high level code freeze. - - - - Even if you never choose to appoint a release manager (), you will have an easier time - justifying the rejection or postponement of patches () before a release with a publicly stated - freeze in effect. - - - - - - Forks - - I wasn't sure about how I would deal with forking in this - document (or if I would deal with forking at all). A fork is when - a group of developers takes code from a free software project and - actually starts a brand new free software project with it. The - most famous example of a fork was between Emacs and XEmacs. Both - emacsen are based on an identical code-base but for technical, - political, and philosophical reasons, development was split into - two projects which now compete with each other. - - - - The short version of the fork section is, don't do - them. Forks force developers to choose one project to - work with, cause nasty political divisions, and redundancy of - work. Luckily, usually the threat of the fork is enough to scare - the maintainer or maintainers of a project into changing the way - they run their project. - - - - In his chapter on The Open Source Process, Karl - Fogel describes how to do a fork if you absolutely must. If you - have determined that is absolutely necessary and that the - differences between you and the people threatening to fork are - absolutely unresolvable, I recommend Fogel's book as a good place - to start. - - - - - - - - Maintaining a Project: Interacting with Users - - fswd!users - - - - If you've worked your way up to here, congratulations, you are - nearing the end of this document. This final section describes some - of the situations in which you, in your capacity as project - maintainer, will be interacting with users. It gives some - suggestions on how these situations might be handled effectively. - - - - Interacting with users is difficult. In our discussion of - interaction with developers, the underlying assumption is that in a - free software project, a project maintainer must constantly strive to - attract and keep developers who can easily leave at any time. - - - - Users in the free software community are different than developers - and are also different than users in the world of proprietary - software and they should be treated differently than either - group. Some ways in which the groups differ significantly follow: - - - - - - - The lines between users and developers are blurred in ways - that is totally foreign to any proprietary development - model. Your users are often your developers and vice - versa. - - - - In the free software world, you are often your users' only - choice. Because there is such an emphasis on not replicating the - work of others in the free software community and because the - element of competition present in the propriety software model is - absent (or at least in an extremely different form) in the free - software development model, you will probably be the only project - that does what you do (or at least the only one that does what - you do in the way that you do it). This means your responsiveness - to your users is even more important than in the proprietary - software world. - - - - In an almost paradoxical situation, free software projects - have less immediate or dire consequences for ignoring their users - altogether. It is also often easier to do. Because you don't - usually need to compete with another product, chances are good - that you will not be scrambling to gain the features of your - competitor's newest program. This means that your development - process will have to be directed either internally, by a - commitment to your users, or through both. - - - - - - Trying to tackle this unique situation can only be done - indirectly. Developers and maintainers need to listen to users and - to try and be as responsive as possible. A solid knowledge of the - situation recounted above is any free software developer's best tool - for shifting his development or leadership style to fit the unique - process of free software development. This chapters will try and - introduce some of the more difficult or important points in any - projects interactions with users and give some hints on how to - tackle these. - - - - - - Testing and Testers - - - In addition to your users being your developers, they are also - (and perhaps more commonly) your testers. Before I get flamed, I - should rephrase my sentence: some of your - users (those who explicityly volunteer) are your - testers. - - - - It is important that this distinction be made early on because not - all of your users want to be testers. Many users want to use - stable software and don't care if they don't have the newest, - greatest software with the latest, greatest features. These users - except a stable, tested piece of software without major or obvious - bugs and will be angry if they find themselves testing. This is - yet another way in which a split development model (as mentioned - in ) might come in handy. - - - - Managing - Projects the Open Source Way describes what a - good test should look for: - - - - - Boundary conditions - - - Maximum buffer lengths, data conversions, upper/lower - boundary limits, and so on. - - - - - Inappropriate behavior - - - Its a good idea to find out what a program will do if a - user hands it a value it isn't expecting, hits the wrong button, - etc. Ask yourself a bunch of what if questions - and think of anything that might fail or - might go wrong and find out what your - program would do in those cases. - - - - - Graceful failure - - - The answer to a number of the what if - questions above is probably failure which is - often the only answer. Now make sure that it happens - nicely. Make sure that when it crashes, there is some indication - of why it crashed or failed so that the user or developer - understands whats going on. - - - - - - Standards conformance - - - If possible, make sure your programs conforms to - standards. If it's interactive, don't be too creative with - interfaces. If it is non-interactive, make sure it communicates - over appropriate and established channels with other programs - and with the rest of the system. - - - - - - - Automated testing - - For many programs, many common mistakes can be caught by - automated means. Automated tests tend to be pretty good at - catching errors that you've run into several times before or - the things you just forget. They are not very good at finding - errors, even major ones, that are totally unforeseen. - - - - CVS comes with a bourne shell script called sanity.sh that is - worth looking at. Debian uses a program called lintian that - checks Debian packages for all of the most common errors. While - use of these scripts may not be helpful, there is a host of other - sanity checking software on the net that may be applicable (feel - free to email me any recommendations). None of these will create - a bug-free release but they will avoid at least some major - oversights. Finally, if your programs become a long term - endeavor, you will find that there are certain errors that you - tend to make over and over. Start a collection of scripts that - check for these errors to help keep them out of future releases. - - - - - Testing by testers - - For any program that depends on user interactivity, many bugs - will only be uncovered through testing by users actually clicking - the keys and pressing the mouse buttons. For this you need - testers and as many as possible. - - - - The most difficult part of testing is finding testers. It's - usually a good tactic to post a message to a relevant mailing - list or news group announcing a specific proposed release date - and outlining the functionality of your program. If you put some - time into the announcement, you are sure to get a few responses. - - - - The second most difficult part of testing is - keeping your testers and keeping them - actively involved in the testing process. Fortunately, there are - some tried and true tactics that can applied towards this end: - - - - - - - Make things simple for your testers - - Your testers are doing you a favor so make it as easy as - possible for them. This means that you should be careful to - package your software in a way that is easy to find, unpack, - install, and uninstall. This also means you should explain - what you are looking for to each tester and make the means for - reporting bugs simple and well established. The key is to - provide as much structure as possible to make your testers' - jobs easy and to maintain as much flexibility as possible for - those that want to do things a little differently. - - - - - Be responsive to your testers - - When your testers submit bugs, respond to them and - respond quickly. Even if you are only responding to tell them - that the bug has already been fixed, quick and consistent - responses make them feel like their work is heard, important, - and appreciated. - - - - - Thank your testers - - Thank them personally each time they send you - patch. Thank them publicly in the documentation and the about - section of your program. You appreciate your testers and your - program would not be possible without their help. Make sure - they know it. Publicly, pat them on the back to make sure the rest of - the world knows it too. It will be appreciated more than you - expected. - - - - - - - - - - - - - Setting up Support Infrastructure - - - While testing is important, the large part of your interactions - and responsibility to your users falls under the category of - support. The best way to make sure your users are adequately - supported in using your program is to set up a good infrastructure - for this purpose so that your developers and users help each other - and less of the burden falls on you. This way, people will also - get quicker and better responses to their questions. This - infrastructure comes in several major forms: - - - - Documentation - - It should not come as any surprise that the key element to any - support infrastructure is good documentation. This topic was - large covered in and will not be - repeated here. - - - - - Mailing lists - - Aside from documentation, effective mailing lists will be your - greatest tool in providing user support. Running a mailing list - well is more complicated than installing mailing list software - onto a machine. - - - - Separate lists - - - A good idea is too separate your user and development mailing - lists (perhaps into project-user@host and project-devel@host) - and enforce the division. If people post a development question - onto -user, politely ask them to repost it onto -devel and vise - versa. Subscribe yourself to both groups and encourage all - primarily developers to do the same. - - - - This system provides so that no one person is stuck doing all of - the support work and works so that users learn more about the - program, they can help newer users with their questions. - - - - - Choose mailing list software well - - Please don't make the selection of mailing list software - impulsively. Please consider easy accessibility by users without - a lot of technical experience so you want to be as easy as - possible. Web accessibility to an archive of the list is also - important. - - - - The two biggest free software mailing list programs are majordomo - and GNU Mailman. A - long time advocate of majordomo, I would now recommend any - project choose GNU Mailman. It fulfills the criteria listed - above and makes it easier. It provides a good mailing - list program for a free software project maintainer as opposed - to a good mailing list application for a mailing list - administrator. - - - - There are other things you want to take into consideration in - setting up your list. If it is possible to gate your mailing - lists to USENET and provide it in digest form as well as - making them accessible on the web, you will please some users - and work to make the support infrastructure slightly more - accessible. - - - - - - Other support ideas - - - A mailing list and accessible documentation are far from all you - can do to set up good user support infrastructure. Be - creative. If you stumble across something that works well, email me - and I'll include it here. - - - - Make your self accessible - - You can not list too few methods to reach you. If you hang out - in an IRC channel, don't hesitate to list it - in your projects documentation. List email and snailmail - addresses, and ways to reach you via ICQ, - AIM, or Jabber if they apply. - - - - - Bug management software - - For many large software projects, use of bug management software - is essential to keep track of which bugs have been fixed, which - bugs have not been fixed, and which bugs are being fixed by - which people. Debian uses the Debian Bug Tracking System - (BTS) although it may not be best choice for - every project (it seems to currently be buckling under its own - weight) As well as a damn good web browser, the mozilla project - has spawned a sub-project resulting in a bug tracking system - called bugzilla - which has become extremely possible and which I like a lot. - - - - These systems (and others like them) can be unwieldy so - developers should be careful to not spend more time on the bug - tracking system than on the bugs or the projects themselves. If - a project continues to grow, use of a bug tracking system can - provide an easy standard avenue for users and testers to report - bugs and for developers and maintainers to fix them and track - them in an orderly fashion. - - - - - - - - - Releasing Your Program - - - As mentioned earlier in the HOWTO, the first rule of releasing is, - release something useful. Non-working or - not-useful software will not attract anyone to your - project. People will be turned off of your project and will be likely - to simply gloss over it next time they see a new version - announced. Half-working software, if useful, will intrigue people, - whet their appetites for versions to come, and encourage them to - join the development process. - - - - When to release - - - Making the decision to release your software for the first time - is an incredibly important and incredibly stressful decision. But - it needs to done. My advice is to try and make something that - is complete enough to be usable and incomplete enough to allow - for flexibility and room for imagination by your future - developers. It's not an easy decision. Ask for help on a local - Linux User Group mailing list or from a group of developer - friends. - - - - One tactic is to first do an alpha or - beta release as described below in . However, most of the guidelines described - above still apply. - - - - When you feel in your gut that it is time and you feel - you've weighed the situation well several times, cross your - fingers and take the plunge. - - - - After you've released for the first time, knowing when to release - becomes less stressful, but just as difficult to gauge. I like - the criteria offered by Robert Krawitz in his article, Free - Software Project Management for maintaining a - good release cycle. He recommends that you ask yourself, - does this release... - - - - - - Contain sufficient new functionality or bug fixes to be - worth the effort. - - - - Be spaced sufficiently far apart to allow the user time - to work with the latest release. - - - - Be sufficiently functional so that the user can get work - done (quality). - - - - - - If the answer is yes to all of these questions, its probably time - for a release. If in doubt, remember that asking for advice can't - hurt. - - - - - How to release - - - If you've followed the guidelines described in this HOWTO up - until this point, the mechanics of doing a release are going to - be the easy part of releasing. If you have set up consistent - distribution locations and the other infrastructure described in - the preceding sections, releasing should be as simple as building - the package, checking it once over, and uploading it into the - appropriate place and then making your website reflect the - change. - - - - - Alpha, beta, and development releases - - - When contemplating releases, it worth considering the fact that - not every release needs to be a full numbered release. Software - users are accustomed to pre-releases but you must be careful to - label these releases accurately or they will cause more problems then - they are worth. - - - - The observation is often made that many free software developers - seem to be confused about the release cycle. Managing - Projects the Open Source Way suggests that you memorize - the phrase, Alpha is not Beta. Beta is not Release - and I'd agree that tis is a probably a good idea. - - - - - - - alpha releases - - Alpha software is feature-complete but sometimes only - partially functional. - - Alpha releases are expected to be unstable, perhaps a - little unsafe, but definitely usable. They - can have known bugs and kinks that have - yet to be worked out. Before releasing an alpha, be sure to - keep in mind that alpha releases are still - releases and people are not going to be expecting a - nightly build from the CVS source. An alpha should work and - have minimal testing and bug fixing already finished. - - - - - beta releases - - Beta software is feature-complete and functional, but is - in the testing cycle and still has a few bugs left to be - ironed out. - - Beta releases are general expected to be usable and - slightly unstable, although definitely not - unsafe. Beta releases usually preclude a full - release by under a month. They can contain small known bugs - but no major ones. All major functionality should be fully - implemented although the exact mechanics can still be worked - out. Beta releases are great tool to whet the appetites of - potential users by giving them a very realistic view of where - your project is going to be in the very near future and can - help keep interest by giving people - something. - - - - - development releases - - Development release is much a more vague - term than alpha or beta. I - usually choose to reserve the term for discussion of a - development branch although there are other ways to use the - term. So many in fact, that I feel the term has been - cheapened. The popular window manager Enlightenment has - released nothing but development - releases. Most often, the term is used to describe releases - that are not even alpha or beta and if I were to release a - pre-alpha version of a piece of software in order to keep - interest in my project alive, this is probably how I would - have to label it. - - - - - - - - - - - - - Announcing Your Project - - - Well, you've done it. You've (at least for the purposes of this - HOWTO) designed, built, and released your free software - project. All that is left is for you to tell the world so they - know to come and try it out and hopefully jump on board with - development. If everything is in order as described above, this - will be a quick and painless process. A quick announcement is all - that it takes to put yourself on the free software community's - radar screen. - - - - Mailing lists and USENET - - Email is still the way that most people on the Internet get their - information. Its a good idea to send a message announcing your - program to any relevant mailing list you know of and any relevant - USENET discussion group. Karl Fogel recommends that use you - simple subject describing the fact that the message is an - announcement, the name of the program, the version, and a - half-line long description of its functionality. This way, any - interested user or developer will be immediately attracted to - your announcement. Fogel's example looks like: - - - Subject: ANN: aub 1.0, a program to assemble USENET binaries - - - The rest of the email should describe the programs functionality - quickly and concisely in no more than two paragraphs and should - provide links to the projects webpage and direct links to - downloads for those that want to try it right away. - - - - You should repeat this announcement process consistently in the - same locations for each subsequent release. - - - - - freshmeat.net - - Mentioned earlier in , in today's free - software community, announcements of your project on freshmeat - are almost more important than announcements on mailing lists. - - - - Visit the freshmeat.net - website or their submit project - page to post your project onto their site and into their - database. In addition to a large website, freshmeat provides a - daily newsletter that highlights all the days releases and - reaches a huge audience (I personally skim it every night for any - interesting new releases). - - - - - - - - - Printed Books - - - - - Fogel - Karl - - - Open Source Development with CVS - - - Coriolois Open Press - - 1999 - - 1-57610-490-7 - - - - Fogel's guide to using CVS in the free software - world is much more than its subitle. In the publisher's - own words: Open Source Development with - CVS is one of the first books available that teaches - you development and implementation of Open Source - software. It also includes the best reference and - tutorial to CVS I have ever seen. It is the book that was - so good that it prompted me to write this - HOWTO because I thought the role it tried to serve was so - important and useful. Please check it or buy it if you can and - are seriously interested in running a free software project. - - - - - - - - Lessig - Lawrence - - - Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace - - - Basic Books - - 2000 - - 0-465-03913-8 - - - - While it only briefly talks about free software (and does it by - tiptoeing around the free software/open source issue with the - spineless use of the term open code that only a - laywer could coin), Lessig's book is brilliant. Written by a - lawyer, it talks about how regulation on the Internet is not - done with law, but with the code itself and how the nature of - the code will determine the nature of future freedoms. In - addition to being a quick and enjoyable read, it gives some - cool history and describes how we need - free software in a way more powerfully than anything I've read - outside of RMS's - Right to Read. - - - - - - - - - Raymond - Eric - - - The Cathedral and the Bazaar - Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary - - - O'Reilly - - 1999 - - 1-56592-724-9 - - - Although I have to honestly say that I am not the ESR fan that - I used to be, this book proved invaluable in getting me where I - am today. The essay that gives the book its title does a good - job of sketching the free software process and does an an - amazing job of making an argument for free software/open source - development as a road to better software. The rest of the book - has other of ESR's articles, which for the most part are posted - on his website. Still, it's nice thing to own in hard copy and - something that every free software/open source hacker should - read. - - - - - - - - Web-Accessable Resources - - - This is a list of the web resources pertaining to this HOWTO that - I've found most helpful in compiling this information. If you know - of others that would help, please don't hesitate to email me at - mako@debian.org and we can look into getting it - added to the list and represented in the HOWTO. - - - - I'd recommend that any free software developer (or potential one) - skim through these sites becaue they have each have a lot to say. - - - - - - Manley - Montey - - - <ulink - url="http://news.linuxprogramming.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=2000-10-31-001-05-CD">Managing - Projects the Open Source Way</ulink> - - - Linux - Programming - - Oct 31, 2000 - - - - In one of the better articles on the subject that I've read, - Monty sums up some of the major points I touch on including: - starting a project, testing, documenation, organizing a team and - leadership, and several other topics. While more opiniated that - I try to be, I think its an important article that I found very - helpful in writing this HOWTO. I've tried to cite him in - the places where I borrowed from him most. - - - - I have problems much of this piece and I recommend you read - at the same time you read Monty's - article for a good critique. - - - - - - - - - Gabriel - Richard - - - <ulink - url="http://www.jwz.org/doc/worse-is-better.html">The Rise of - <quote>Worse is Better</quote></ulink> - - - - A well written article although I think the title may have - confused as many people as the rest of the essay helped. It - offers a good description of how to design programs that will - succeed and stay maintainable as they grow. - - - - - - - - Advogato Articles - - - I've found that one of the best resources that any free software - developer has at his or her disposal is Advogato.org. If you haven't - yet had a chance to visit the - website, do. - - - - I have spent a huge amount of time on advogato and I've gone - through and provided links to the articles that I think might be - of particular interest to anyone reading this HOWTO. I think that - skimming through these links can be helfpul and I promise that if - you do, you'll learn a lot. You will learn that my idea of how a - free software project should be run is not the - only idea. I think that's important. - - - - If nothing else, there is way more - information on that website than I could ever fit into, or - reference from this HOWTO. I have listed what I think are the most - relavant articles here with short descriptions that I've written. - - - - - - - Hindle - Stephen - - - <ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/262.html">'Best Practices' for Open Source?</ulink> - - - Advogato - - March 21, 2001 - - - - Touching mostly on programming practice (as most articles on - the subject usually do), the article talks a little about - project managment (Use it!) and a bit about - communication within a free software project. - - - - - - - - - Cohen - Bram - - - <ulink - url="http://www.advogato.org/article/258.html"></ulink>How to - Write Maintainable Code - - - Advogato - - March 15, 2001 - - - - This article touches upon the "writing maintainable code" - discussion that I try hard to avoid in my HOWTO. It's one of - the better (and most diplomatic) articles on the subject that - I've found. - - - - - - - - Krawitz - Robert - - - <ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/196.html">Free - Source Project Management</ulink> - - - Advogato - - November 4, 2000 - - - - This article made me happy because it challenged many of the - problems that I had with Monty's article on LinuxProgramming. The - author argues that Monty calls simply for the application of - old (proprietary software) project management techniques in - free software projects instead of working to come up with - something new. I found his article to be extremely well thought - out and I think it's an essential read for any free software - project manager. - - - - - - - - - Martins - Lalo - - - <ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/128.html">Ask - the Advogatos: why do Free Software projects - fail?</ulink> - - - Advogato - - July 20, 2000 - - - - While the article is little more than a question, reading the - answers to this question offered by advogato's readers can - help. In a lot of ways, this HOWTO acts as my answer to the - questions posed in this article but there are others, many of - which might take issue with whats is in this HOWTO. It's worth - checking out. - - - - - - - - - Burley - David - - - <ulink - url="http://www.advogato.org/article/107.html">In-Roads to Free - Software Development</ulink> - - - Advogato - - June 14, 2000 - - - - This document was written as a response to another advogato - article. Although not about running a project, this - describes some of the ways that you can get started with free - software development without starting a project. I think this - is an important article. If you are interested in becoming - involved with free software, this article showcases some of the - ways that you can do this without actually starting a project - (something that I hope this HOWTO has demonstrated is not to be - taken lightly). - - - - - - - - - Moorman - Jacob - - - <ulink - url="http://www.advogato.org/article/72.html"></ulink>Importance - of Non-Developer Supporters in Free Software - - - Advogato - - April 16, 2000 - - - - Moorman's is a short article but it brings up some good - points. The comment reminding developers to thank their testers - and end-users is invaluable and oft-forgotten. - - - - - - - - - Orchard - Leslie - - - <ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/67.html">On - Naming an Open Source Project</ulink> - - - Advogato - - April 12, 2000 - - - - I didn't even have a section on project naming in this HOWTO - (See ) until Leslie Orchard's article - reminded me of it. Thanks to Leslie for writing this article! - - - - - - - - - Allen - David - - - <ulink url="http://www.advogato.org/article/40.html">Version Numbering Madness</ulink> - - - Advogato - - Februrary 28, 2000 - - - - In this article, David Allen challengs the whole - Major.Minor.Patch version numbering scheme. Its - good to read this as you read . I liked the article and it - describes some of the projects that I bring up in my discussion - of verion numbering. - - - - - - - - -
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