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- - -HOWTO-template for big HOWTOs <!-- insert your title here --> -<author>Stein Gjoen, <tt/sgjoen@nyx.net/ <!-- insert your name here --> -<date>v0.05, 24 July 2000 <!-- always have a version number and a date --> -<abstract> <!-- the abstract: a short and precise description --> -<nidx>template</nidx> <!-- add indexing keywords as you go along --> - <!-- nidx means the indexed word is not in output of main text, only in the index --> -This is a fully working template for big HOWTOs. The source contains -fully described slots to make a convenient framework for you to fill in -for making your own HOWTO, suggesting some names, conventions and contents -for the chapters. -</abstract> - - - -<!-- Table of contents --> -<toc> - -<!-- Begin the document --> - - -<sect>Introduction - -<p> -<nidx>template!introduction</nidx> <!-- here introduction is a sub entry of template, exclamationamrk is separator --> -<em>My comments to the reader is in this style (emphasized)</em>. -Example lines are in plain roman style. -<em>Note that extra comments and advice is found in comments -within the SGML source.</em> <!-- such as this comment --> - -For various reasons this brand new release is codenamed -the <bf/release/ release. - -New code names will appear as per industry standard guidelines -to emphasize the state-of-the-art-ness of this document. - -<p> -This document was written when I read a feedback asking for a -template to fill in to make new HOWTOs. This template is made -by extracting the skeletal structure of the Multi Disk HOWTO -which is a rather large HOWTO. - -<em>This Template is a suggestion and a starting point, a check list -and examples for authors; it is not a requirement to be followed -slavishly. Over time HOWTOs might also outgrow any template since -in the end the goal is to inform readers efficiently.</em> - -Stating the background is a simple way to getting started -writing the intro. - -First of all we need a bit of legalese. Recent development shows it is -quite important. - -<sect1>Copyright -<p> -<em>Copyright is a source of much and continuous debate on the -LDP mailing list. For more in depth information please consult -the Manifesto at the </em> -<url url="http://www.LinuxDoc.org/" - name="LinuxDoc"> -site. -<em> -The purpose of having a license is to allow appropriate distribution. -You can use any license that meets the Manifesto. -What follows is a boilerplate licence. -</em> - -<!-- -This HOWTO is copyrighted 2000 Stein Gjoen. <em>Replace with your name -when you use this skeleton for a new HOWTO</em> - -Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by their -respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and distributed -in whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic, as long as -this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial redistribution -is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would like to be notified of -any such distributions. - -All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating -any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice. -That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose -additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules -may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux HOWTO -coordinator at the address given below. - -In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through as -many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright on the -HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to redistribute -the HOWTOs. - -If you have questions, please contact -at linux-howto@metalab.unc.edu via email. - ---> - - -Copyright (c) 2000 by John Doe (change to your name) -<P> -Please freely copy and distribute (sell or give away) this document in -any format. It's requested that corrections and/or comments be fowarded -to the document maintainer. You may create a derivative work and distribute -it provided that you: - -<itemize> -<item> -Send your derivative work (in the most suitable format such as -sgml) to the LDP (Linux Documentation Project) or the like for posting -on the Internet. If not the LDP, then let the LDP know where it is -available. -<item> -License the derivative work with this same license or use GPL. -Include a copyright notice and at least a pointer to the license used. -<item> -Give due credit to previous authors and major contributors. -</itemize> - - <P> -If you're considering making a derived work other than a translation, -it's requested that you discuss your plans with the current maintainer. - - - -<sect1>Disclaimer -<p> - -Use the information in this document at your own risk. I disavow any -potential liability for the contents of this document. Use of the -concepts, examples, and/or other content of this document is entirely -at your own risk. - -All copyrights are owned by their owners, unless specifically noted -otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as -affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. - -Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen as endorsements. - -You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system before -major installation and backups at regular intervals. - - -<sect1>News -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!news on</nidx> -<em>This is where you make a summary of what it news. When a HOWTO exceeds -20 pages it takes more than a casual read to find the updates. This is -where you help your readers with that, alerting them to specific and -important news.</em> - -This is the second release featuring more samples and an improved structure. -<!-- This is the first release. No news yet. --> -<!-- Note that you might wish to keep old news commented out for reference -and perhaps state news as latest and next to latest update. --> - -<em>Tell people where the document home page is so the very newest -release could be found in case of problems with the main -<url url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/" - name="Linux Documentation Project"> -homepage. -</em> - -The latest version number of this document can be gleaned from my -plan entry if you <!-- do "finger sgjoen@nox.nyx.net" --> -<url url="http://www.cs.indiana.edu/finger/nox.nyx.net/sgjoen" - name="finger"> my Nyx account. - -<em>If you have the capacity it would be nice to make the HOWTO -available in a number of formats.</em> - -Also, the latest version of the Template will be available on -my web space on Nyx in a number of formats: -<itemize> -<item> -<url url="http://www.nyx.net/˜sgjoen/template.html" - name="HTML">. - -<item> -<url url="http://www.nyx.net/˜sgjoen/template.txt" - name="plain ASCII text">. - -<!-- consider PostScript and perhaps also PDF formates -<item> -<url url="http://www.nyx.net/˜sgjoen/disk-US.ps.gz" - name="compressed postscript US letter format">. - -<item> -<url url="http://www.nyx.net/˜sgjoen/disk-A4.ps.gz" - name="compressed postscript European A4 format">. ---> -<item> -<url url="http://www.nyx.net/˜sgjoen/template.sgml" - name="SGML source">. -</itemize> - -<em>Note that paper sizes vary in the world, A4 and US letter differ -significantly.</em> - -<sect1>Credits -<p> -<em>It is always nice to acknowledge people who help you with inputs, it -is also regarded by many as important in the Linux world new economy</em> - -In this version I have the pleasure of acknowledging - -<tscreen><verb> -corff (at) ZEDAT.FU-Berlin.DE -dwood (at) plugged.net.au -lcl (at) spiretech.com -kgh12351 (at) nifty.ne.jp -dave (at) lafn.org -name (at) site.org -</verb></tscreen> - -<em>Scramble the addresses so email harvesters cannot get -addresses from your HOWTO and then spam people. That has -happened in the past.</em> - - -<sect1>Translations -<p> -Not everyone speaks English, pointers to translations are nice. -Also your translators tend to give very important inputs. -<itemize> -<item><url url="http://linuxdoc.org/" - name="German Translation"> by <tt/someone (at) somewhere.de/ - -<item><url url="http://www.swe-doc.linux.nu" - name="Swedish Translation "> by <tt/someone (at) somewhere.se/ - -<item><url url="http://linuxdoc.org/" - name="French Translation"> by <tt/someone (at) somewhere.fr/ - -<item><url url="http://linuxdoc.org/" - name="Chinese Translation"> by <tt/someone (at) somewhere.cn/ - -<item><url url="http://linuxdoc.org/" - name="Italian Translation"> by <tt/someone (at) somewhere.it/ -</itemize> - - - - -Also Somecompany is acknowledged for sending me documentation -on their gizmos as well as permission to quote from the material. -These quotes have been approved before appearing here and will -be clearly labelled. - -Any comments or suggestions can be mailed to my mail address on Nyx: -<htmlurl url="mailto:sgjoen@nyx.net/" - name="sgjoen@nyx.net">. - - -<p> - - -<!-- -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - --> - - -<sect>Structure -<p> -<em>A quick overview on how all parts fit together in the structure. -Here I use an example from my Multi Disk HOWTO.</em> - -As this type of document is supposed to be as much for learning -as a technical reference document I have rearranged the structure -to this end. For the designer of a system it is more useful to -have the information presented in terms of the goals of this exercise -than from the point of view of the logical layer structure of the -devices themselves. Nevertheless this document would not be complete -without such a layer structure the computer field is so full of, so -I will include it here as an introduction to how it works. - -<sect1>Logical structure -<p> -<nidx>disk!structure, I/O subsystem</nidx> -This is based on how each layer access each other, traditionally -with the application on top and the physical layer on the bottom. -It is quite useful to show the interrelationship between each of -the layers used in controlling drives. -<tscreen><verb> - ___________________________________________________________ - |__ File structure ( /usr /tmp etc) __| - |__ File system (ext2fs, vfat etc) __| - |__ Volume management (AFS) __| - |__ RAID, concatenation (md) __| - |__ Device driver (SCSI, IDE etc) __| - |__ Controller (chip, card) __| - |__ Connection (cable, network) __| - |__ Drive (magnetic, optical etc) __| - ----------------------------------------------------------- - -</verb></tscreen> - -In the above diagram both volume management and RAID and concatenation -are optional layers. The 3 lower layers are in hardware. -All parts are discussed at length later on in this document. - -<sect1>Document structure -<p> -Most users start out with a given set of hardware and some plans on -what they wish to achieve and how big the system should be. This is -the point of view I will adopt in this document in presenting the -material, starting out with hardware, continuing with design constraints -before detailing the design strategy that I have found to work well. -I have used this both for my own personal computer at home, a multi -purpose server at work and found it worked quite well. In addition my -Japanese co-worker in this project have applied the same strategy on -a server in an academic setting with similar success. - -Finally at the end I have detailed some configuration tables for use -in your own design. If you have any comments regarding this or notes -from your own design work I would like to hear from you so this -document can be upgraded. - -<sect1>Reading plan -<p> -<em>As you go beyond 50 pages or so there will be a lot of text that -experts and even the experienced do not need to read. Keeping in mind -that we wish to care for all kinds of people in the Linux world we -might have to make a reading plan. Again example follows from my -HOWTO.</em> - -Although not the biggest HOWTO it is nevertheless rather big already -and I have been requested to make a reading plan to make it possible -to cut down on the volume - -<descrip> -<tag/Expert/ (aka the elite). If you are familiar with Linux as well -as disk drive technologies you will find most of what you need in the -appendices. Additionally you are recommended to read the FAQ and the -<ref id="bits-n-pieces" name="Bits'n'pieces"> -chapter. - -<tag/Experienced/ (aka Competent). If you are familiar with computers -in general you can go straight to the chapters on -<ref id="technologies" name="technologies"> -and continue from there on. - -<tag/Newbie/ (mostly harmless). You just have to read the whole thing. -Sorry. In addition you are also recommended to read all the other disk -related HOWTOs. -</descrip> - - -<sect>Technologies <label id="technologies"> -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!technologies</nidx> -<em>Introduction of technology for the newbie with a few -references to detailled works. Remember that not everyone -has Internet access so you have to explain in sufficient -details so even the newbie can get by.</em> - - -<sect>Implementation -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!implementation</nidx> -<em>Now your readers should have a sufficient knowledge of what -this is about and now we come to the hands on of implementing -your clever scheme.</em> - - -<sect>Maintenance -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!maintenance</nidx> -<em>Few systems and designs are maintenance free, here you explain -how to keep the system running.</em> - - -<sect>Advanced Issues -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!advanced topics</nidx> -<em>You can get most things up and running in a quick and dirty -fashion, useful for testing and getting used to how things work. -For more serious use you would need to be a little more advanced. -This is the place to explain it all, if applicable.</em> - - -<sect>Troubleshooting <label id="troubleshooting"> -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!troubleshooting</nidx> -<em>Many problems can be solved by a simple structured approach, -analysing the symptoms, finding the cause and determining the -solution. The following is an exerpts from the Multi Disk HOWTO.</em> - -<sect1>During Installation - -<sect2>Locating Disks -<p> -<descrip> -<tag/Symptoms/Cannot find disk -<tag/Problem/How to find what drive letter corresponds to what disk/partition -<tag/Solution/Remember Linux does not use drive letters but device names. More -information can be found in section "Drive names". -</descrip> -<p> -<descrip> -<tag/Symptoms/Cannot partition disk -<tag/Problem/Most likely wrong input to the command line for <tt/fdisk/ or similar tool. -<tag/Solution/Remember to use <tt>/dev/hda</tt> rather than just <tt>hda</tt>. Also -do not use numbers behind <tt>hda</tt>, those indicate partitions. -</descrip> - - -<sect2>Formatting -<p> -<descrip> -<tag/Symptoms/Cannot format disk. -<tag/Problem/Strictly speaking you format partitions not disks. -<tag/Solution/Make sure you add the partition number after the device name -of the disk, for instance <tt>/dev/hda1</tt> to the command line. -</descrip> - - -<sect>Further Information -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!information resources</nidx> -<em>A HOWTO cannot describe everything, some times the user -has to venture out on th enet to get more information or just -updates. Here is the place to tell where and how. Again examples -from my HOWTO, replace as needed.</em> -There is wealth of information one should go through when setting up a -major system, for instance for a news or general Internet service provider. -The FAQs in the following groups are useful: - -<sect1>News groups -<p> -<nidx>disk!information resources!news groups</nidx> -Some of the most interesting news groups are: -<itemize> -<item><url url="news:comp.arch.storage" name="Storage">. -<item><url url="news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.storage" name="PC storage">. -<item><url url="news:alt.filesystems.afs" name="AFS">. -<item><url url="news:comp.periphs.scsi" name="SCSI">. -<item><url url="news:comp.os.linux.setup" name="Linux setup">. -</itemize> - -Most newsgroups have their own FAQ that are designed to answer most of your -questions, as the name Frequently Asked Questions indicate. Fresh versions -should be posted regularly to the relevant newsgroups. If you cannot find it -in your news spool you could go directly to the -<url url="ftp://rtfm.mit.edu" - name="FAQ main archive FTP site">. The WWW versions can be browsed at -<url url="http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/FAQ-List.html" - name="FAQ main archive WWW site">. - -Some FAQs have their own home site, of particular interest here are -<itemize> -<item><url url="http://www.paranoia.com/˜filipg/HTML/LINK/F_SCSI.html" - name="SCSI FAQ"> and -<item><url url="http://alumni.caltech.edu/˜rdv/comp_arch_storage/FAQ-1.html" - name="comp.arch.storage FAQ">. -</itemize> - - -<sect1>Mailing Lists -<p> -<nidx>disk!information resources!mailing lists</nidx> -These are low noise channels mainly for developers. Think -twice before asking questions there as noise delays the development. -Some relevant lists are <tt/linux-raid/, <tt/linux-scsi/ and <tt/linux-ext2fs/. -Many of the most useful mailing lists run on the <tt>vger.rutgers.edu</tt> server -but this is notoriously overloaded, so try to find a mirror. There are some lists mirrored at -<url url="http://www.redhat.com" - name="The Redhat Home Page">. -Many lists are also accessible at -<url url="http://www.linuxhq.com/lnxlists" - name="linuxhq">, -and the rest of the web site is a gold mine of useful information. - -If you want to find out more about the lists available you can send a message -with the line <tt/lists/ to the list server at vger.rutgers.edu ( -<htmlurl url="mailto:majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu" - name="majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu">). -If you need help on how to use the mail server just send the line <tt/help/ -to the same address. -Due to the popularity of this server it is likely it takes a bit to time before -you get a reply or even get messages after you send a <tt/subscribe/ command. - -There is also a number of other majordomo list servers that can be of interest -such as the EATA driver list ( -<htmlurl url="mailto:linux-eata@mail.uni-mainz.de" - name="linux-eata@mail.uni-mainz.de">) -and the Intelligent IO list -<htmlurl url="mailto:linux-i2o@dpt.com" - name="linux-i2o@dpt.com">. - -Mailing lists are in a state of flux but you can find links to a number of -interesting lists from the -<url url="http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/" - name="Linux Documentation Homepage">. - - -<sect1>HOWTO -<p> -<nidx>disk!information resources!HOWTOs</nidx> -These are intended as the primary starting points to -get the background information as well as show you how to solve -a specific problem. -Some relevant HOWTOs are <tt/Bootdisk/, <tt/Installation/, <tt/SCSI/ and <tt/UMSDOS/. -The main site for these is the -<url url="http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/" - name="LDP archive"> -at Metalab (formerly known as Sunsite). - -There is a a new HOWTO out that deals with setting up a -DPT RAID system, check out the -<url url="http://www.ram.org/computing/linux/dpt_raid.html" - name="DPT RAID HOWTO homepage">. - - - -<sect1>Mini-HOWTO -<p> -<nidx>disk!information resources!mini-HOWTOs</nidx> -These are the smaller free text relatives to the HOWTOs. -Some relevant mini-HOWTOs are -<tt/Backup-With-MSDOS/, <tt/Diskless/, <tt/LILO/, <tt/Large Disk/, -<tt/Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2/, <tt/Linux+OS2+DOS/, <tt/Linux+Win95/, -<tt/NFS-Root/, <tt/Win95+Win+Linux/, <tt/ZIP Drive/ . -You can find these at the same place as the HOWTOs, usually in a sub directory -called <tt/mini/. Note that these are scheduled to be converted into SGML and -become proper HOWTOs in the near future. - -The old <tt/Linux Large IDE mini-HOWTO/ is no longer valid, instead read -<tt>/usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide</tt> or -<tt>/usr/src/linux/Documentation/ide.txt</tt>. - -<sect1>Local Resources -<p> -<nidx>disk!information resources!local</nidx> -In most distributions of Linux there is a document directory installed, -have a look in the -<htmlurl url="file:///usr/doc" - name="/usr/doc"> directory. -where most packages store their main documentation and README files etc. -Also you will here find the HOWTO archive ( -<htmlurl url="file:///usr/doc/HOWTO" - name="/usr/doc/HOWTO">) -of ready formatted HOWTOs -and also the mini-HOWTO archive ( -<url url="file:///usr/doc/HOWTO/mini" - name="/usr/doc/HOWTO/mini">) -of plain text documents. - -Many of the configuration files mentioned earlier can be found in the -<htmlurl url="file:///etc" - name="/etc"> -directory. In particular you will want to work with the -<htmlurl url="file:///etc/fstab" - name="/etc/fstab"> -file that sets up the mounting of partitions -and possibly also -<htmlurl url="file:///etc/mdtab" - name="/etc/mdtab"> -file that is used for the <tt/md/ system to set up RAID. - -The kernel source in -<url url="file:///usr/src/linux" - name="/usr/src/linux"> -is, of course, the ultimate documentation. In other -words, <em>use the source, Luke</em>. -It should also be pointed out that the kernel comes not only with -source code which is even commented (well, partially at least) -but also an informative -<url url="file:///usr/src/linux/Documentation" - name="documentation directory">. -If you are about to ask any questions about the kernel you should -read this first, it will save you and many others a lot of time -and possibly embarrassment. - -Also have a look in your system log file ( -<htmlurl url="file:///var/log/messages" - name="/var/log/messages">) -to see what is going on and in particular how the booting went if -too much scrolled off your screen. Using <tt>tail -f /var/log/messages</tt> -in a separate window or screen will give you a continuous update of what is -going on in your system. - -You can also take advantage of the -<htmlurl url="file:///proc" - name="/proc"> -file system that is a window into the inner workings of your system. -Use <tt/cat/ rather than <tt/more/ to view the files as they are -reported as being zero length. Reports are that <tt/less/ works well here. - - -<sect1>Web Pages -<p> -<nidx>disk!information resources!WWW</nidx> -<nidx>disk!information resources!web pages</nidx> -There is a huge number of informative web pages out there and by their very -nature they change quickly so don't be too surprised if these links become -quickly outdated. - -A good starting point is of course the -<url url="http://www.linuxdoc.org/" - name="Linux Documentation Project"> home page, -an information central for documentation, project pages and much, much more. - -Please let me know if you have any other leads that can be of interest. - - -<sect>Getting Help -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!assistance, obtaining</nidx> -<em>Your reader might still end up in a situation where extra help is -needed from someone else, perhaps on the net. In order to get fast and -efficient help it is best first to get some details on your system. -What details matter depends on type of problem. For disk problems you -need to know the disk controllers etc, for networking problems you -have to know what ethernet card is used and version of drivers etc. -Here is the place to suggest what details to have ready when asking -for help.</em> - -In the end you might find yourself unable to solve your problems and need -help from someone else. The most efficient way is either to ask someone -local or in your nearest Linux user group, search the web for the nearest -one. - -Another possibility is to ask on Usenet News in one of the many, many -newsgroups available. The problem is that these have such a high -volume and noise (called low signal-to-noise ratio) that your question -can easily fall through unanswered. - -No matter where you ask it is important to ask well or you will not be -taken seriously. Saying just <it/my disk does not work/ is not going -to help you and instead the noise level is increased even further and if -you are lucky someone will ask you to clarify. - -Instead describe your problems in some detail that -will enable people to help you. The problem could lie somewhere you did -not expect. Therefore you are advised to list up the following information -on your system: - -<descrip> -<tag/Hardware/ -<itemize> -<item>Processor -<item>DMA -<item>IRQ -<item>Chip set (LX, BX etc) -<item>Bus (ISA, VESA, PCI etc) -<item>Expansion cards used (Disk controllers, video, IO etc) -</itemize> - -<tag/Software/ -<itemize> -<item>BIOS (On motherboard and possibly SCSI host adapters) -<item>LILO, if used -<item>Linux kernel version as well as possible modifications and patches -<item>Kernel parameters, if any -<item>Software that shows the error (with version number or date) -</itemize> - -<tag/Peripherals/ -<itemize> -<item>Type of disk drives with manufacturer name, version and type -<item>Other relevant peripherals connected to the same busses -</itemize> - -</descrip> - -Remember that booting text is logged to <tt>/var/log/messages</tt> which can -answer most of the questions above. Obviously if the drives fail you might not -be able to get the log saved to disk but you can at least scroll back up the -screen using the <tt/SHIFT/ and <tt/PAGE UP/ keys. It may also be useful to -include part of this in your request for help but do not go overboard, keep -it <em/brief/ as a complete log file dumped to Usenet News is more than a -little annoying. - - -<sect>Concluding Remarks -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!conclusion</nidx> -<em>Just summing up... Also a place for general recommendations.</em> - - -<sect>Questions and Answers -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!FAQ</nidx> -<nidx>(your index root)!frequently asked questions</nidx> -<em>Check the newsgroups and try to determine some frequent -problems and cover them here. Again an example from my HOWTO.</em> - -This is just a collection of what I believe are the most common -questions people might have. Give me more feedback and I will -turn this section into a proper FAQ. - -<itemize> - -<item>Q:How many physical disk drives (spindles) does a Linux system need? -<p> -A: Linux can run just fine on one drive (spindle). Having enough -RAM (around 32 MB, and up to 64 MB) to support swapping is a -better price/performance choice than getting a second disk. -(E)IDE disk is usually cheaper (but a little slower) than SCSI. - -<item>Q: Are there any disadvantages in this scheme? -<p> -A: There is only a minor snag: if even a single partition overflows -the system might stop working properly. The severity depends of course -on what partition is affected. Still this is not hard to monitor, the -command <tt/df/ gives you a good overview of the situation. Also check -the swap partition(s) using <tt/free/ to make sure you are not about -to run out of virtual memory. - -<item>Q: OK, so should I split the system into as many partitions -as possible for a single drive? -<p> -A: No, there are several disadvantages to that. First of all maintenance -becomes needlessly complex and you gain very little in this. In fact if your -partitions are too big you will seek across larger areas than needed. -This is a balance and dependent on the number of physical drives you have. - -</itemize> -<em>(rest deleted.)</em> - -<sect>Bits and Pieces <label id="bits-n-pieces"> -<p> -<nidx>disk!miscellaneous</nidx> -<em>This is basically a section where I stuff all the bits I have not yet -decided where should go, yet that I feel is worth knowing about. It is -a kind of transient area.</em> - -<sect>Examples -<p> -<nidx>(your index root)!examples</nidx> -<em>Example designs and sample configuration files and other -relevant details is always handy. Keep large samples at the -end to avoid breaking the flow of the HOWTO reading. Small -samples are useful within the main body of the HOWTO.</em> - - -<sect>Samples <label id="samples"> -<p> -<em>This section gives some simple SGML examples you could copy. -Read the source to see how it was done.</em> - -<!-- you can also have comments in the SGML source --> - -<sect1>Lists -<p> -<em>Lists appears many times, in a number of formats:</em> -<p> -Unlisted bullets: -<p> -<itemize> -<item>Apples -<item>Oranges -<item>Bananas -</itemize> -<p> -Tagged lists -<p> -<descrip> -<tag/Fruits/ such as apples, oranges, and more. -<tag/Nuts/ Don't eat too many; you are what you eat. -<tag/Vegetables/ Potatos are spelled with care. -</descrip> - - -<sect1>Links -<p> -<em>Links can be used within your documents -to refer to different sections and chapters or -to refer to documents external to yours.</em> -<p> -Internal links -<p> -Click on -<ref id="samples" name="this"> -link to jump to the top of this chapter. Note the -anchor at the section tag. - -<p> -External links -<p> -Click on -<url url="http://www.LinuxDoc.org/" - name="this"> -link to jump to the LDP site. -Note you can use http, ftp, news and other protocols -in the locator if required. -Note that the character ˜ has to be escaped, see the source -for details. -<!-- ˜ is the way of writing the tilde character --> - -<sect1>Images -<p> -<em>Avoid diagrams if possible as this cannot be rendered in the -ascii outputs which are still needed by many around the world.</em> - -<figure loc="tbp"> -<eps file="somegraphics.eps"> -<img src="somegraphics.jpg"> -<caption>Graphics Test Image</caption> -</figure> - -<!-- <img file="/usr/src/linux/logo.gif"> --> - - -<sect>Table Samples <label id="tblsamples"> -<p> -<em>This section gives an example of writing a table.</em> - -<table loc=p> -<tabular ca="rll"> -Line No.<colsep>Country <colsep>Capital <rowsep><hline> -1 <colsep>Norway <colsep>Oslo <rowsep> -2 <colsep>Japan <colsep>Tokyo <rowsep> -3 <colsep>Finland <colsep>Helsinki <rowsep> -</tabular> -<caption>Some capitals</caption> -</table> - - -<sect>Notes on Style <label id="style"> -<p> -<em> -Not much here yet but I would like to suggest a few points. -</em> - - -<descrip> -<tag/Tags/ Try to use tags extensively -<tag/Types/ Try using functional tags such as em rather than it. -<tag/Files/ Try using functional links to files such as -<tt><htmlurl url="file:///usr/doc" name="/usr/doc"></tt> -rather than just /usr/doc. -<tag/Commands/ Try to refer to man pages including section number -<tt>df (1)</tt> rather than just df. -</descrip> - - -</article>