initial import into git of first draft
authorBenjamin Mako Hill <mako@atdot.cc>
Thu, 6 Sep 2012 19:57:50 +0000 (15:57 -0400)
committerBenjamin Mako Hill <mako@atdot.cc>
Thu, 6 Sep 2012 20:00:50 +0000 (16:00 -0400)
.gitignore [new file with mode: 0644]
Makefile [new file with mode: 0644]
figures/barnstar_alone.png [new file with mode: 0644]
figures/frontpage_modified-topremix.png [new file with mode: 0644]
figures/lilypad.png [new file with mode: 0644]
figures/scratch_screenshot_default.png [new file with mode: 0644]
mako-mem.sty [new file with mode: 0644]
refs.bib [new file with mode: 0644]
research_statement.tex [new file with mode: 0644]

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+auto/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/make
+
+all: $(patsubst %.tex,%.pdf,$(wildcard *.tex)) 
+pdf: all
+
+%.pdf: %.tex
+       perl -p -e 's/©//' refs.bib > refs-cleaned.bib
+       recode -d u8..ltex < refs-cleaned.bib > refs-processed.bib
+       rubber -fd $<
+
+clean: 
+       rubber -d --clean *.tex
+       rm -f *.tmp
+       rm -f vc
+       rm -f refs-cleaned.bib
+       rm -f refs-processed.bib
+
+viewpdf: all
+       evince *.pdf
+
+spell:
+       aspell -c -t --tex-check-comments -b text.tex
+
+vc:
+       vc-git
+
+.PHONY: clean all
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diff --git a/figures/lilypad.png b/figures/lilypad.png
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diff --git a/figures/scratch_screenshot_default.png b/figures/scratch_screenshot_default.png
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diff --git a/mako-mem.sty b/mako-mem.sty
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..c37b92d
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+% Some article styles and page layout tweaks for the LaTeX Memoir class.
+%
+% Copyright 2009 Benjamin Mako Hill <mako@atdot.cc>
+% Copyright 2008-2009 Kieran Healy <kjhealy@soc.duke.edu>
+
+% Distributed as free software under the GNU GPL v3
+
+% This file is heavily based on one by Kieran Healy
+% available here: http://github.com/kjhealy/latex-custom-kjh/
+
+\usepackage{lastpage}
+
+% blank footnote
+% Use \symbolfootnote[0]{Footnote text} for a blank footnote. 
+% Useful for initial acknowledgment note.
+\long\def\symbolfootnote[#1]#2{\begingroup%
+\def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}\footnote[#1]{#2}\endgroup}
+
+% >> article-1 << 
+\makechapterstyle{article-1}{
+ \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm}
+ \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
+
+ \setsecheadstyle{\large\scshape}
+ \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape}
+ \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{}
+ \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{}
+ \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont}
+ \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space}
+ \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{}
+ \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle}
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont}
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape}
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape}
+ \captiontitlefont{\small}
+ % turn off chapter numbering
+ \counterwithout{section}{chapter}
+ \counterwithout{figure}{chapter}
+ \counterwithout{table}{chapter}
+ % reduce skip after section heading
+ \setaftersecskip{1.2ex}
+ \pretitle{\newline\centering \LARGE\scshape \MakeLowercase }
+ \posttitle{\par\vskip 1em}
+ \predate{\footnotesize \centering}
+ \postdate{\par\vskip 1em}
+ % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title
+ \renewcommand{\abstractname}{}
+ \abstractrunin
+
+% set name of bibliography to 'references'
+\renewcommand{\bibname}{References}
+}
+
+% >> article-2 <<
+\makechapterstyle{article-2}{
+ \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm}
+ \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
+
+ \setsecheadstyle{\Large\scshape\MakeLowercase} 
+ \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} 
+ \setaftersubsubsecskip{-1em}
+ \setsubsubsecheadstyle{\small\bfseries}
+ \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} 
+ \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} 
+ \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} 
+ \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} 
+ \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} 
+ \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle}
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} 
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} 
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} 
+ \captiontitlefont{\small}
+ % turn off chapter numbering
+ \counterwithout{section}{chapter}
+ \counterwithout{figure}{chapter}
+ \counterwithout{table}{chapter}
+ % supress chapter numbers 
+ \maxsecnumdepth{chapter} 
+ \setsecnumdepth{chapter}
+
+ % reduce skip after section heading
+ \setaftersecskip{1.7ex}
+ % Title flush left
+ \pretitle{\flushleft\LARGE \itshape}
+ \posttitle{\par\vskip 0.5em}
+ \preauthor{\flushleft  \large \lineskip 1em}
+ \postauthor{\par\lineskip 1em}
+ \predate{\flushleft\footnotesize\vspace{0.65em}}
+ \postdate{\par\vskip 1em}
+ % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title
+ \renewcommand{\abstractname}{\normalfont\scriptsize\noindent}
+ \renewcommand{\abstracttextfont}{\normalfont\scriptsize}
+ \abstractrunin
+
+ % set name of bibliography to 'references'
+ \renewcommand{\bibname}{References}
+}
+
+% >> article-3 <<
+\makechapterstyle{article-3}{
+ \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm}
+ \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
+
+ \setsecheadstyle{\large\sffamily\bfseries\MakeUppercase} 
+ \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} 
+ \setaftersubsubsecskip{-1em}
+ \setsubsubsecheadstyle{\small\bfseries}
+ \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} 
+ \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} 
+ \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} 
+ \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} 
+ \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} 
+ \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle}
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} 
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} 
+ \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} 
+ \captiontitlefont{\small}
+
+ % turn off chapter numbering
+ \counterwithout{section}{chapter}
+ \counterwithout{figure}{chapter}
+ \counterwithout{table}{chapter}
+ % supress chapter numbers 
+ \maxsecnumdepth{chapter} 
+ \setsecnumdepth{chapter}
+
+ % reduce skip after section heading
+ \setaftersecskip{1pt}
+ \setbeforesecskip{-1em}
+ % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title
+ % \renewcommand{\maketitle}{\{\preauthor \theauthor\} \hfill \thetitle}
+ \renewcommand{\maketitle}{
+    {\Large\sffamily\bfseries\MakeUppercase\thetitle} \hfill
+    {\Large\sffamily\MakeUppercase\theauthor}
+    \vskip 0.7em}
+ \renewcommand{\abstractname}{\normalfont\scriptsize\noindent}
+ \renewcommand{\abstracttextfont}{\normalfont\scriptsize}
+ \abstractrunin
+
+ % set name of bibliography to 'references'
+ \renewcommand{\bibname}{References}
+
+ \parindent 0pt
+
+}
+
+%%% Custom styles for headers and footers
+%%% Basic 
+\makepagestyle{mako-mem}
+%\makeevenfoot{mako-mem}{\thepage}{}{}
+%\makeoddfoot{mako-mem}{}{}{\thepage}
+%\makeheadrule{mako-mem}{\textwidth}{\normalrulethickness}
+\newcommand{\@makomarks}{%
+  \let\@mkboth\markboth
+  \def\chaptermark##1{%
+    \markboth{%
+      \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
+        \if@mainmatter
+          \thechapter. \ %
+        \fi
+      \fi
+      ##1}{}}
+  \def\sectionmark##1{%
+    \markright{##1}}
+}
+\makepsmarks{mako-mem}{\@makomarks}
+\makepsmarks{mako-mem}{}
+\makeevenhead{mako-mem}{}{}{\scshape\thepage}
+\makeoddhead{mako-mem}{}{}{\scshape\thepage}
+
+%%% version control info in footers; requires vc package 
+% Make the style for vc-git revision control headers and footers
+\makepagestyle{kjhgit}
+\newcommand{\@kjhgitmarks}{%
+  \let\@mkboth\markboth
+  \def\chaptermark##1{%
+    \markboth{%
+      \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne
+        \if@mainmatter
+          \thechapter. \ %
+        \fi
+      \fi
+      ##1}{}}
+  \def\sectionmark##1{%
+    \markright{##1}}
+}
+\makepsmarks{kjhgit}{\@kjhgitmarks}
+\makeevenhead{kjhgit}{}{}{\scshape\thepage}
+\makeoddhead{kjhgit}{}{}{\scshape\thepage}
+\makeevenfoot{kjhgit}{}{\texttt{\footnotesize{\textcolor{Blue}{git revision \VCRevision\ on \VCDateTEX}}}}{}
+\makeoddfoot{kjhgit}{}{\texttt{\footnotesize \textcolor{Blue}{git revision \VCRevision\ on \VCDateTEX}}}{}
+
+%% Create a command to make a note at the top of the first page describing the
+%% publication status of the paper. 
+\newcommand{\published}[1]{% 
+   \gdef\puB{#1}} 
+   \newcommand{\puB}{} 
+   \renewcommand{\maketitlehooka}{% 
+       \par\noindent\footnotesize \puB} 
+
+\makepagestyle{memo}
+\makeevenhead{memo}{}{}{}
+\makeoddhead{memo}{}{}{}
+
+\makeevenfoot{memo}{}{\scshape \thepage/\pageref{LastPage}}{}
+\makeoddfoot{memo}{}{\scshape \thepage/\pageref{LastPage}}{}
+
+
+\endinput
+
diff --git a/refs.bib b/refs.bib
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..90822b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/refs.bib
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+
+@inproceedings{michlmayr_quality_2003,
+       title = {Quality and the reliance on individuals in free software projects},
+       booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering},
+       author = {Michlmayr, Martin and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
+       year = {2003},
+       pages = {105{\textendash}109}
+},
+
+@inproceedings{hill_responses_2010,
+       address = {Washington, {D.C.}},
+       title = {Responses to remixing on a social media sharing website},
+       abstract = {In this paper we describe the ways participants of the Scratch online community, primarily young people, engage in remixing of each others' shared animations, games, and interactive projects. In particular, we try to answer the following questions: How do users respond to remixing in a social media environment where remixing is explicitly permitted? What qualities of originators and their projects correspond to a higher likelihood of plagiarism accusations? Is there a connection between plagiarism complaints and similarities between a remix and the work it is based on? Our findings indicate that users have a very wide range of reactions to remixing and that as many users react positively as accuse remixers of plagiarism. We test several hypotheses that might explain the high number of plagiarism accusations related to original project complexity, cumulative remixing, originators' integration into remixing practice, and remixee-remixer project similarity, and find support for the first and last explanations.},
+       booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th {AAAI} Conference on Webslogs and Social Media},
+       publisher = {{AAAI}},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako Hill and Monroy-Hern\'{a}ndez, Andr\'{e}s and Olson, Kristina},
+       year = {2010},
+       pages = {74--81},
+       file = {hill_monroy-hernandez_olson_ICWSM10.pdf:/home/mako/zotero_istek/storage/QHRQUT3R/hill_monroy-hernandez_olson_ICWSM10.pdf:application/pdf}
+},
+
+@article{hill_remixing_2012,
+       title = {The remixing dilemma: the tradeoff between generativity and originality},
+       volume = {Forthcoming},
+       journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Monroy-Hern\'{a}ndez, Andr\'{e}s},
+       year = {2012},
+       note = {Forthcoming}
+},
+
+@unpublished{hill_status_2012,
+       address = {Berkman Center for Internet and Society},
+       title = {Status, Social Signalling and Collective Action in a Peer Production Community},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron and Benkler, Yochai},
+       year = {2012},
+       note = {Working Paper}
+},
+
+@inproceedings{monroy-hernandez_computers_2011,
+       address = {Vancouver, {BC}, Canada},
+       title = {Computers can't give credit: how automatic attribution falls short in an online remixing community},
+       booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference on Human factors in computing systems},
+       publisher = {{ACM}},
+       author = {Monroy-Hernandez, Andres and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Gonzalez-Rivero, Jazmin and boyd, danah},
+       year = {2011},
+       pages = {3421--3430}
+},
+
+@unpublished{hill_almost_2012,
+       address = {Massachusetts Instiute of Technology},
+       title = {Almost Wikipedia: What eight early online collaborative encyclopedia projects reveal about the mechanisms of collective action},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
+       year = {2012},
+       note = {Working Paper}
+},
+
+@unpublished{hill_causal_2012,
+       address = {Massachusetts Instiute of Technology},
+       title = {Causal Effects of a Reputation-Based Incentive in an Peer Production Community},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
+       year = {2012},
+       note = {Working Paper}
+},
+
+@unpublished{hill_cost_2012,
+       address = {Massachusetts Instiute of Technology},
+       title = {The cost of collaboration for code and art: Evidence from a remixing community},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Monroy-Hern\'{a}ndez, Andr\'{e}s},
+       year = {2012},
+       note = {Working Paper}
+},
+
+@unpublished{hill_is_2012,
+       address = {Massachusetts Instiute of Technology},
+       title = {Is volunteer labor a "fixed and finite" resource? Evidence from peer production},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
+       year = {2012},
+       note = {Working Paper}
+},
+
+@incollection{hill_revealing_2010,
+       title = {Revealing Errors},
+       booktitle = {Error: Glitch, Noise, and Jam in New Media Cultures},
+       publisher = {Continuum},
+       author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
+       editor = {Nunes, Mark},
+       year = {2010},
+       note = {Feature}
+},
+
+@inproceedings{buechley_lilypad_2010,
+       address = {Aarhus, Denmark},
+       title = {{LilyPad} in the wild: how hardware's long tail is supporting new engineering and design communities},
+       isbn = {978-1-4503-0103-9},
+       booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th {ACM} Conference on Designing Interactive Systems},
+       publisher = {{ACM}},
+       author = {Buechley, Leah and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
+       year = {2010},
+       pages = {199--207},
+       file = {Buechley and Hill - 2010 - LilyPad in the wild.pdf:/home/mako/zotero_istek/storage/TZV4IE8U/Buechley and Hill - 2010 - LilyPad in the wild.pdf:application/pdf}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/research_statement.tex b/research_statement.tex
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..f9b94b5
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+\documentclass[10pt]{memoir}
+
+% based on kieran healy's memoir modifications
+\usepackage{mako-mem}
+\chapterstyle{article-3}
+\pagestyle{memo}
+
+\usepackage{ucs}
+\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
+
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+\usepackage{textcomp}
+\usepackage[garamond]{mathdesign}
+
+\usepackage[letterpaper,left=1.2in,right=1.2in,top=1.2in,bottom=1.2in]{geometry}
+
+% packages i use in essentially every document
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage{wrapfig}
+\usepackage{enumerate}
+
+% packages i use in many documents but leave off by default
+% \usepackage{amsmath, amsthm, amssymb}
+% \usepackage{dcolumn}
+% \usepackage{endfloat}
+
+% import and customize urls
+\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{color}
+\usepackage[breaklinks]{hyperref}
+
+\hypersetup{colorlinks=true, linkcolor=Black, citecolor=Black, filecolor=Blue,
+    urlcolor=Blue, unicode=true}
+
+% add bibliographic stuff 
+% \usepackage[round]{natbib}
+% \def\citepos#1{\citeauthor{#1}'s (\citeyear{#1})}
+% \def\citespos#1{\citeauthor{#1}' (\citeyear{#1})}
+
+% import vc stuff after running `make vc`: \input{vc} \pagestyle{kjhgit}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\setlength{\parskip}{4.5pt}
+
+\baselineskip 14.5pt
+
+\title{Research Statement}
+\author{Benjamin Mako Hill}
+
+\maketitle
+
+My research is focused on collective action in online communities and
+seeks to understand why some attempts at collaborative production --
+like Wikipedia and Linux -- build large volunteer communities while
+the vast majority never attract even a second contributor. I am
+particularly interested in how the design of communication and
+information technologies shape social outcomes like the decision to
+join a community or contribute to a public good. My research is deeply
+interdisciplinary and lies at the intersection of sociology,
+communication, and human-computer interaction. I combine data from
+online communities that make failures of collective action newly
+visible with ``big data'' research methods from software engineering
+to answer fundamental social scientific questions.
+
+Seeking to understand the determinants of collective action, my
+research has been driven by three overlapping themes: (1)
+population-level observational studies comparing failures to build
+communities to the rare successful attempts; (2) attention to the role
+of reputation and status in collective action; and (3) analyses of
+design changes treated as ``natural experiments'' to build a deeper,
+and often causal, understanding of social processes from observational
+data. Almost all of my work incorporates at least two of these themes.
+
+\section{Population-Level Observational Studies}
+
+Although there have been many thousands of studies of online
+collective action and peer production, the vast majority of these
+studies have only considered successful projects like Wikipedia and
+GNU/Linux.  The majority of research on collective action -- both
+online and off -- has only considered projects that have successfully
+mobilized contributors. In this sense, most previous analyses of
+collection action have systematically selected on their dependent
+variable. Most of my research treats projects as the unit of analysis
+and mobilization as the dependent variable, comparing successful
+examples of collective actions to failures.
+
+% \begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.4\textwidth}
+%  \begin{centering}
+%  \includegraphics[width=2.4in]{figures/wp_citations_by_year.png}
+%  \caption{Number of published academic articles with ``wikipedia''
+%  in title by year.}
+%  \label{fig:wppapers}
+%  \end{centering}
+%\end{wrapfigure}
+
+\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{2.6in}
+ \begin{centering}
+ \includegraphics[width=2.6in]{figures/scratch_screenshot_default.png}
+ \caption{A screenshot of the Scratch desktop programming environment
+   where users create animations and interactive games.}
+ \label{fig:scratchapp}
+ \end{centering}
+ \vspace{-2em}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+
+
+For example, in a working paper that is part of my dissertation, I
+compare Wikipedia to seven attempts to create online collaborative
+encyclopedia projects that were launched before Wikipedia
+\cite{hill_almost_2012}. Using a inductive, grounded-theory based
+analysis of founder interviews and archival data, I propose four
+hypothesis for why Wikipedia built a large community while extremely
+similar projects struggled to do so. Although the paper's methods
+diverge from the quantitative, ``big data'' approach typical of most
+of my work, the research question and strategy is representative.
+
+I have also addressed this question in a series of quantitative
+studies of the Scratch online community: a public website with a large
+community of users who create, share, and remix interactive media. The
+community is built around the Scratch programming environment: a
+freely downloadable desktop application that allows amateur creators
+to combine media with programming code (see Figure
+\ref{fig:scratchapp}. Despite the fact that Scratch is a community
+designed to promote collaboration through content remixing, only about
+ten percent of Scratch projects will attract even a second
+contributor.
+
+\begin{wrapfigure}{l}{2.6in}
+ \begin{centering}
+ \includegraphics[width=2.6in]{figures/frontpage_modified-topremix.png}
+  \caption{The front page of the Scratch online community where users
+    can share and collaborate on projects.}
+ \label{fig:scratchfrontpage}
+ \end{centering}
+ \vspace{-2em}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+
+In one study, forthcoming in American Behavioral Scientist, I test
+three of the most commonly cited theories associated with
+``generativity'' (i.e., qualities of technology or content that make
+some works more fertile group for collaboration). I find some support
+for previous theories but also find that, across the board, factors
+associated with increased collaboration are associated with less
+original and less transformative modes of joint-work
+\cite{hill_remixing_2012}. In another published study using data from
+Scratch, I show that more superficial collaboration leads to negative
+reactions and displeasure in the community
+\cite{hill_responses_2010}.
+
+I am conducting a similar population based analysis in a new dataset I
+have created with a population of 80,000 public attempts at ``wikis''
+(i.e., public websites using the same infrastructure as Wikipedia). In
+a working paper using this dataset, I consider inter-organizational
+effects of competition for volunteer labor and find little support for
+a widely cited ecological model of collective action from sociology
+that treats volunteer labor as fixed and finite resource. Using data
+on wikis hosted by both Wikia and the Wikimedia Foundation, I show
+that contributions across peer production projects are driven by
+environment-level changes in interest and that projects can even
+benefit from complimentarities between similar projects
+\cite{hill_is_2012}.
+
+\section{Reputation and Status}
+
+Although empirical research comparing successful and unsuccessful peer
+projects has been rare, theories offering to explain the success of
+collective action online have been widespread. No theory has been more
+influential or widespread than the suggestion that, in the absence of
+pecuniary rewards, engagement in collective action in online
+communities is driven by the possibility of increased reputation and
+status conferred upon contributors to an online public good.
+
+\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.3\textwidth}
+ \vspace{-1em}
+ \begin{centering}
+ \includegraphics[width=1.9in]{figures/barnstar_alone.png}
+ \caption{Image of a ``barnstar'' social award given by Wikipedia
+   contributors to each other to recognize positive contributions .}
+ \label{fig:barnstar}
+ \end{centering}
+ \vspace{-1em}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+
+In a study of status-based awards in Wikipedia called ``barnstars''
+(see Figure \ref{fig:barnstar}) that I will be submitting to a major
+sociology journal by the end of this year, I provide an empirical test
+of an influential status-based theory of collective action from
+sociology. Although the study finds support for the widely
+hypothesized virtuous cycle of status rewarding active contributors,
+it also finds that these effects are limited to a sub-population of
+Wikipedia contributors -- i.e., those who show their awards off to
+others in virtual trophy cases \cite{hill_status_2012}. This result
+has broad implications for both status-based theories of collective
+action as well the design of reputation-based reward systems.
+
+In another study of Scratch, nominated for best paper at the CHI 2011
+conference \cite{monroy-hernandez_computers_2011}, I paired a
+quantitative analysis of a design change with in-depth interviews of
+users to demonstrate how credit-giving is ineffective when it stems
+from an automated system because the system fails to reinforce
+status-ordering through credible human expressions of social deference
+and gratitude.
+
+\section{Design-Driven Natural Experiments}
+
+\begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.25\textwidth}
+ \begin{centering}
+ \includegraphics[width=1.5in]{figures/lilypad.png}
+ \caption{A image of the LilyPad Arduino microcontroller.}
+ \label{fig:lilypad}
+ \end{centering}
+\end{wrapfigure}
+
+Although nearly all of my work has important implications for the
+design of socio-technical systems, I have structured much of my work
+around the evaluation of design interventions. In several papers, I
+treat design changes in technologies as ``natural experiments'' that
+exogenously change the ways that social structure is enacted in order
+to both build causal understanding from field data and to tighten the
+distance between theories and and design.
+
+For example, to evaluate the impact of status-based incentives and
+collaboration in Scratch, I use a regression discontinuity framework
+to measure the causal effect of increased status for collaboration in
+Scratch \cite{hill_causal_2012}. In that study, which I am preparing
+for submission to a communication journal this fall, I show that the
+highlighting the work of the authors of collaborative projects on the
+Scratch web page (see the bottom of Figure \ref{fig:scratchfrontpage})
+resulted in more collaboration but also caused a decrease in the
+amount of total effort exerted by contributors. Speaking to
+fundamental sociological work in the literature on collective action,
+I present evidence that this decrease is driven by both an the influx
+of new contributors and a decrease in the effort and contributions of
+established contributors.
+
+In other papers, I have helped analyze sales records of hobbyists
+microcontrollers to suggest that relatively simple design changes in
+the \emph{LilyPad Arduino} -- a electronics toolkit minimally
+re-designed for women and girls (see Figure \ref{fig:lilypad}) -- can
+lead to large increases in the proportion of women contributors
+through important shifts in the type of projects created
+\cite{buechley_lilypad_2010}. In other work, I have explored how
+technical errors may be able to provide similar opportunities for
+analysis \cite{hill_revealing_2010}.
+
+% or changes in socio-technical systems describing responsibility for a piece of software can lead to an important impact in the type and structure of contributions in peer production \cite{michlmayr_quality_2003}
+
+\section{Research Agenda}
+
+My research agenda involves further exploration of the determinants of
+collection action online -- especially using a series of large new
+datasets I have built in my dissertation research. I plan to both
+continue this research trajectory and to create new social and
+technical infrastructure that will allow others researchers to join me
+in the type ``big data'' observational research in active communities
+that my research involves. This section outlines some future
+directions I plan to explore.
+
+\emph{Toolkits for Experimental Social Design} -- My research has been
+possible through relationships I have with a series of organizations
+with large active online communities (e.g., the MIT Media Lab and the
+Wikimedia Foundation). These organizations, like many others, make
+design changes to the software that supports their communities to
+encourage contributions and improve aspects of their users'
+experiences. Most of the time, these organizations have very little
+idea if these changes work. I plan to build on my own experience
+evaluating natural experiments in online communities to create a
+technical framework, and a network of academic and practitioner
+collaborators, to facilitate well-designed experiments by the hosts of
+large online communities and a system for data sharing that allows for
+academic evaluation of these experiments.
+
+\emph{Understanding the Relationship Between Collective Action and
+  Performance} -- My work has treated collective action and production
+as ends in themselves and has largely avoided the consideration of
+issues of performance, efficiency, or quality. Using my existing
+datasets, I will compare the performance of collaborative production
+to individually produced works to understand when successful
+collection action leads to higher performance or quality. In a
+manuscript currently under review using data from Scratch, I show
+important limitations of collaboration in remixing quality,
+particularly in regards to more artistic or media-intensive projects
+\cite{hill_cost_2012}. I will further explore this direction in future
+work.
+
+\emph{Integrated Theory of Design for Collective Action} --
+My studies of status provide a detailed understanding of the dynamics
+of collection action in relation to one important independent
+variable. In future work, I plan to evaluate the effect of governance
+and different systems of authority, framing, modularity and project
+complexity. In the long term, I hope to work toward a broad set of
+principles of design for collection action and community.
+
+In graduate school, I have been fortunate to collaborate with many
+co-authors in many academic departments and I intend to continue this
+tradition going forward. In sum, my research uses design to contribute
+to social scientific theories of collective action, and using theories
+of collective action to influence design and offers implications and
+opportunities for a broad range of disciplines and fields.
+
+% bibliography here
+\renewcommand{\bibsection}{\section{\bibname}\prebibhook}
+\baselineskip 14.2pt
+\bibliography{refs-processed}
+\bibliographystyle{unsrt}
+
+\end{document}
+

Benjamin Mako Hill || Want to submit a patch?